Solution Chemistry Flashcards
what terms describes the solubility of a solid or gas in a liquid
soluble and insoluble
what terms describes the solubility of a liquid in a liquid
miscible and immiscible
in what conditions are gases most soluble?
low temp high pressure
when are solid solutions most soluble?
in warm temperatures
alloys
a mixture of two or more metals. ex: sterling silver, brass
amalgam
a solid solution of metals that contains mercury
list things that solubility is dependent upon
temperature, pressure if a gas, chem. nature of the solute/solvent (polarity)
formula for molarity?
moles of solute/liters of solution
percent by mass formula?
mass of solute/mass of solution * 100
percent by volume formula?
volume of solute/volume of solution * 100
parts per million formula
grams of solute/grams of solution * (1x10^8)
colligative properties
- only applied to solutions
- depends only on the ratio between solute and solvent, not the kind of solute
- the more particles in the solution the greater the temperature change
why does the difference between FP and BP increase with the amount of solute added?
because the solute particles decrease vapor pressure and get in the way of the solute’s particles during freezing
formula for change in boiling/freezing point temperature
change in T = ikm, where k is altered for boiling or freezing
what does k (b) mean in the change in BP/FP formulas?
constant for the solute
what is water’s k value for BP?
0.52
what is water’s k value for FP?
1.86
what is i in the change in temperature formulas?
the van’t hoff factor, the number of ions per formula unit if the solute is an ionic substance. Polyatomic ions are counted as one ion.
the actual value for change in temperature is usually ______ than the expected value because _______________
lower, because at any point in time, some of the ions in the solution will be paired
molality formula
moles of solute/kg of SOLVENT
electrolytes
a substance, which when dissolved in water is able to conduct electricity
what do strong electrolytes do?
they dissociate completely
what are the parameters for conducting electricity
you must have something that moves and carries a charge
what do weak electrolytes do?
they only dissociate slightly, therefore mostly staying together
complete ionic equation
separation of aqueous solutions into positive and negative ions, putting coefficients in front
net ionic equation
only keep the ions that make the solid, liquid, or gaseous product on the reactant side and only keep that product on the other side (none of the aqueous components)
formula for dilutions
M of initial * Volume of initial = M of final * V of final
in dilutions, should the final molarity be smaller or greater than the original
smaller, because you are DILUTING IT
explain how to do a dilution in the lab
- do the math
- add like 20 ml of water into a volumetric flash
- add in the calculated amount of stock solution
- stir then cool (most of these are exothermic)
- add deionized water to graduated marking
calculations for making a solution from a solid reactant?
still us MV = MV but convert to grams where needed
procedure for making a solution from solid reactant
- calculations
- add deionized water in flask, a small amount
- measure out solute and add to flask
- heat/stir to dissolve
- cool to room temperature and add deionized water to the mark
