Solid Dosage Forms

Question 1

Intimate mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs or chemicals that may be intended for internal or external use

Answer 1

Powders

Question 2

Advantages of powders

Answer 2

-Relatively dry
-easy to absorb
-ease and flexibility in compounding
-for eutectic mixture

Question 3

Disadvantages of powders

Answer 3

-Can’t mask undesirable taste
-Inconvenient to carry/ dispense
-Inaccuracy in dose
-Not easily wetted

Question 4

Liquefy when in close and prolonged contact with one another
ex: phenol, camphor, menthol, thymol, aspirin, phenylsalicylate

Answer 4

Eutectic Mixtures

Question 5

To obtain quantitative data on the size, distribution, and shapes of drug and
other components to be used in pharmaceutical formulation

Answer 5

Particle size analysis

Question 6

PARTICLE SIZE CAN INFLUENCE VARIETY OF FACTORS:

Answer 6

1. Dissolution Rate of particles intended to dissolve
2. Suspendability of particles
3. Uniform distribution of drug substances in a powder or solid dosage form
4. Penetrability of particles intended to be inhaled
5. Lack of grittiness of solid particles in dermal preparations

Question 7

Particle size analysis

Answer 7

Sieving
Microscopy
Sedimentation rate
Light energy diffraction or light scattering
Laser holography
Cascade Impaction

Question 8

USP Standards for Powders:
Animal & Vegetable Drugs

Answer 8

Very coarse
no.8 sieve
nmt 20% thru a no. 60 sieve
Coarse
no. 20 sieve
nmt 40% thru a no. 60 sieve
Moderately coarse
no. 40 sieve
nmt 40% thru a no. 80 sieve
Fine
no.60 sieve
nmt 40% thru a no. 100 sieve
very fine
no. 80 sieve
no limit to greater fineness

Question 9

Standards for Chemical Powders:

Answer 9

Coarse
No. 20 sieve
Nmt 60% thru a No. 40 sieve
Moderately Coarse
No. 40 sieve
Nmt 60% thru a No. 40 sieve
Fine
No. 80 sieve
No limit to greater fineness
Very Fine
No. 120 sieve
No limit to greater fineness

Question 10

COMMINUTION SMALL SCALE:

Answer 10

Trituration
Levigation
Pulverization by intervention

Question 11

A mechanical process of reducing particle size of solids

Answer 11

Comminution

Question 12

grinding a drug in a mortar and pestle to reduce its particle size

Answer 12

Trituration

Question 13

forms a paste through the addition of a non-solvent (levigating agent); uses a
mortar & pestle and ointment tile

Answer 13

Levigation

Question 14

do not dissolve the active ingredient (e.q. mineral oil, glycerin)

Answer 14

Levigating agent

Question 15

addition of a volatile substance (e.q. camphor + alc, iodine
crystal + ether)

Answer 15

Pulverization by intervention

Question 16

MORTAR & PESTLE:

Answer 16

Glass
Wedgewood
Porcelain
Metal

Question 17

non-porous, smooth surface
(suspensions, ointments)

Answer 17

Glass

Question 18

crystalline solids

Answer 18

Wedgewood

Question 19

soft aggregates/ crystalline

Answer 19

Porcelain

Question 20

not to be used in reactive substance

Answer 20

Metal

Question 21

Comminution of drugs

LARGE SCALE:

Answer 21

Mills
Pulverizers
ex: FitzMill Comminutor

Question 22

Mixing/ Blending Powders

Answer 22

1. Trituration
2. Spatulation
3. Geometric Dilution
4. Sifting
5. Tumbling (rotating chamber)

Question 23

To comminute and to mix powders by using mortar
& pestle

Answer 23

Trituration

Question 24

-Used when a small amount of potent substance is
mixed with a large amount of diluent
-Indicated when the potent and other ingredients are:
◦ Same color
◦ Visible sign of mixing is lacking

Answer 24

Geometric Dilution

Question 24

-Uses spatula on a sheet of paper/ ointment tile -Not suitable for large quantities of powders or powder containing potent substances -Suited in mixing solid substances that form eutectic mixtures

Answer 24

Spatulation

Question 25

-Sifters were used→ results in a light & fluffy product - Not acceptable for incorporation of potent drugs into a diluent powder

Answer 25

Sifting

Question 25

◦ Use of a machine/ motorized equipment (for industrialized purposes) ◦ Time consuming

Answer 25

Tumbling (rotating chamber)

Question 26

Used orally and may exert: ◦ Local effects (e.q. Laxatives) ◦ Systemic effects (e.q. Analgesic)

Answer 26

Medicated Powders

Question 26

-Preferred than tablets and capsules by patients who have difficulty swallowing solid dosage forms -Administered as powder: if doses of some drugs are too bulky (can’t be made into a capsule or tablet)

Answer 26

Medicated Powders

Question 26

Contain inert propellants and pharmaceutical diluents (crystalline alpha-lactose monohydrate) ◦ To aid in the formulation’s flow properties & metering uniformity ◦ To protect the powder from humidity Administered by inhalation with the aid of: dry-powder inhalers

Answer 26

Aerosolized Powders

Question 26

Aerosolized Powders ◦ 1μm to 6μm in diameter ◦ Mechanical devices used: pressurized aerosols, spinhaler (cromolyn Na), Blowers or insufflators

Answer 26

For asthma and other bronchial conditions

Question 27

◦ Form of individual dosing units (block & divide method) ◦ Dispensed in: chartulae (folded paper), metal foil, small heat-sealed or resealable plastic bags ◦ Examples: Headache powders, powdered: laxatives and douche powders ◦ Properly blended using the geometric dilution method for potent substances

Answer 27

Divided powders

Question 27

◦ Glazed, transparent, moisture-resistant paper

Answer 27

Glassine

Question 27

◦ Contains non-potent substances ◦ Dispensed in bulked quantities; dispensed in bulk containers: perforated or sifter can, aerosol container, wide mouthed glass ◦ Dispensed as bulk powders in pre-packaged amounts: ◦ Antacids (e.q. Sodium bicarbonate) and Laxatives (e.q. Psyllium) ◦ Douche powders (e.q. Massengil powder) ◦ Topical Anti-infectives (e.q. Bacitracin Zn, Polymyxin B sulfate) or Anti-fungals (e.q. Tolnaftate) ◦ Non-medicated: Brewer’s yeast powder ◦ Dentrifices

Answer 27

Bulk Powders

Question 27

Thin, Opaque, moisture resistant paper

Answer 27

Vegetable parchment

Question 27

◦ Opaque paper with no moisture-resistant property

Answer 27

Simple bond paper

Question 27

TYPES OF PAPERS USED:

Answer 27

Simple bond paper Vegetable parchment Glassine Waxed paper

Question 27

TYPES OF POWDERS

Answer 27

Bulk powders Divided powders

Question 28

Transparent, waterproof paper

Answer 28

Waxed paper

Question 29

POWDERS CONTAINING: ◦ Hygroscopic & Deliquescent materials

Answer 29

◦ Double wrapped in waxed/ waterproof paper

Question 30

POWDERS CONTAINING: ◦ Limited barrier against moisture is necessary

Answer 30

◦ Use glassine & vegetable parchment paper

Question 31

◦ Volatile components

Answer 31

◦ Wrapped in glassine or waxed paper and sealed in a heat- sealed plastic bag

Question 32

◦ Neither volatile components nor ingredients adversely affected by air or moisture

Answer 32

◦ White bond paper

Question 33

-Substances are solids that absorb moisture from the atmosphere until they dissolve in the absorbed water and form solutions can absorb a high amount of water vapor are called desiccants Have a very high affinity for water form an aqueous solution by absorbing water vapor

Answer 33

Deliquescent

Question 34

substances are solid that can undergo spontaneous loss of water from hydrated salts Do not absorb water vapor Substances are crystals Have no considerable affinity for water Do not form a solution

Answer 34

Efflorescent

Question 35

Substances are solids that can absorb or adsorb water from its surroundings can either absorb or adsorb water vapor are called humectants Have a less affinity for water Do not form a solution, but absorb water vapor

Answer 35

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