EXAMPLES OF PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS Flashcards
Acidifying agent- used in liquid preparations to provide acidic medium for product stability
Citric acid
Acetic acid
Fumaric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Nitric acid
Alkalizing agent- used in liquid to provide alkaline medium for product stability
Ammonia solution
ammonia carbonate
diethanolamine
monoethanolamine
potassium hydroxide
sodium bicarbonate
sodium biorate
sodium carbonate
sodium hydroxide
trolamine
Adsorbent- an agent capable of holding other molecules onto its surface by physical or chemical (chemisorption) means
Powdered cellulose
activated charcoal
Aerosol propellant- Agent responsible for developing the pressure within an aerosol container and expelling the product when the valve is opened
Carbon dioxide
dichlorodifluoromethane
dichlorotetrafluoroethane
trichloromonofluoromethane
Air displacement- agent employed to displace air in a hermetically sealed container to enhance product stability
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
Antifungal preservative- Used in liquid and semisolid preparations to prevent growth of fungi. Effectiveness of parabens is usually enhanced by use in combination
Butylparaben
ethylparaben
methylparaben
benzoic acid
propylparaben
sodium benzoate
sodium propionate
Antimicrobial preservative- used in liquid and semisolid preparations to prevent growth of microorganisms
Benzalkonium chloride
Antioxidant- used to prevent deterioration (worsening) of preparations by oxidation
Ascorbic acid
ascorbyl palminate
butylated hydroxyanisole
butylated hydroxytoluene
hypophosphorous acid
monothioglycerol
propyl gallate
sodium ascorbate
sodium bisulfite
sodium formaldehyde
sulfoxylate
sodium metabisulfite
Buffering agent- used to resist change in pH upon dilution or addition of acid or alkali
Potassium metaphosphate
potassium phosphate
monobasic
sodium acetate
sodium citrate, anhydrous and dihydrate
Chelating agent- substance that forms stable water-soluble complexes(chelates) with metals, used in some liquid pharmaceuticals as stabilizers to complex heavy metals that might promote instability. in such use they are also called sequestering agents
Edetic acid
edetate disodium
Colorant- used to impart color to liquid and solid. (e.g., tablets and capsules) preparations
FD&C red No. 3.
FD&C red No. 20
FD&C Yellow No. 6
FD&C Blue No. 2
D&C Green No. 5
D&C Orange No. 5
D&C Red No. 8
Caramel
Ferric oxide, red
Clarifying agent- used as a filtering aid for its adsorbent qualities
Bentonite
Emulsifying agent- used to promote and maintain dispersion of finely subdivided particles of liquid in a vehicle in which it is immiscible (not forming a homogeneous mixture when added together).
Acacia
Cetomacrogol
Cetyl alcohol
Glyceryl monostearate
Sorbitan monooleate
Polyoxyethylene 50 stearate
Encapsulating agent- used to form thin shells to enclose a drug for ease of administration.
Gelatin
Flavorant- used to impart a pleasant flavor and often odor to a preparation. in addition to the natural flavorants listed many synthetic ones are used
Anise oil
cinnamon oil
cocoa
menthol
orange oil
peppermint oil
vanillin
