History of Pharmacy Practice

Question 1

first soothing
application

Answer 1

Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud

Question 2

Human beings seek natural cures for their ailments

Answer 2

plants, animals and
minerals

Question 3

called the cradle of
civilization, provides the earliest known
record of practice of the art of
apothecary.

Answer 3

Around 2400 BC- Babylon, of ancient
Mesopotamia,

Question 4

Practitioners of healing in this era were

Answer 4

priest, pharmacists and physicians

Question 5

the
first sign of the sickness, the prescription,
and the compounding instructions were
written

Answer 5

On clay tablets or Sumerian cuneiform,

Question 6

an emperor sought
out and investigated the medicinal value of several
medicinal herbs.

Answer 6

Around 2000 BC- SHEN NUNG,

Question 7

written by Shen Nung, is a collection of
365 native herbs

Answer 7

Pen T-Sao

Question 8

Medicinal plants include:

Answer 8

podophyllum, rhubarb,
ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark, ma huang or
ephedra

Question 9

a medicinal record
from Ancient Egypt contains a collection of 800
prescriptions, 700 medications, and some recorded
formulas for lotions, inhalations, gargles, tablets,
ointments, and poultices

Answer 9

Around 1500 BC- “Papyrus Ebers”

Question 10

among the greatest
early Greek philosophers and natural scientists, is
called- the Father of Botany
– He holds belladonna, behind him are pomegranate
blooms, senna, and manuscript scrolls
– Used as slates were slabs of ivory, coated with colored
beeswax

Answer 10

Around 300 BC- THEOPHRASTUS

Question 11

an early “trademarked” drug.
* A clay tablet made on the
Mediterranean Island of Lemos which
holds medicinal tablets that carry a
trademark, to identify the source and
inspire trust in their products

Answer 11

Around 500 BC- Terra Sigillata (Sealed
Earth),

Question 11

Around 600 BC- The earliest
recorded occurrence of a
compounded medication in
INDIAN Traditional medicine is
found in

Answer 11

SUSHRATA SAMHITA

Question 12

Two or more echelons:

Answer 12

Gatherers and preparers of drugs
* “Chiefs of fabrications”, or head pharmacists
– They worked in the “House of Life”

Question 13

the royal toxicologist

Answer 13

Mithridates VI

Question 14

He is remarkable in Pharmacy history and is called the
Royal Toxicologist where his widely recognized
MITHRIDATUM was used as a poisonous substance
antidote

Answer 14

Mithridates VI- King of Pontus

Question 15

He pursued to discover the art of poisoning, avoiding
poison, and treating it.

Answer 15

Around 100 BC- Mithridates VI- King of Pontus

Question 16

was used as a poisonous substance
antidote

Answer 16

MITHRIDATUM

Question 17

He experimented on himself and his prisoners for poisons
and antidotes which leads him to create one against all
kinds of poison

Answer 17

Mithridates VI- King of Pontus

Question 18

a
notable individual who made substantial
contribution in Pharmacy Practice.

Answer 18

Around 1

st Century A.D.- Pedanios Dioscorides

Question 19

commonly known as GALEN, was a Roman Greek physician,
surgeon, and philosopher.
– The first physician to use the pulse as a sign of illness
– His name still is associated with that class of

pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means-
Galenicals

– Originator of the formula for a cold cream

Answer 19

Around 130-200 AD- Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus

Question 19

His work, DE MATERIA MEDICA is a record of his findings
and specifications for the acquisition, storage, and usage
of medications. It has a record of nearly 500 plants and
remedies prepared from plants, animals and metals.

Answer 19

Pedanios Dioscorides

Question 20

Because they refused payment for their services, they
were called the “silverless ones.” Their tomb in the Syrian
City of Cyprus was made a shrine and many miracles
were attributed to them

Answer 20

DAMIAN- the apothecary
– COSMAS- the physician

Question 20

Twin brothers of Arabian descent, and devout Christian

Answer 20

DAMIAN- the apothecary
– COSMAS- the physician

Question 21

who contributed greatly to the pharmacy
practice by compiling texts, in which he introduced the use of
“mercurial ointments” and his development of apparatus such
as mortars, flasks, spatulas and vials, which were used in
pharmacies until the early twentieth century.

Answer 21

One of the greatest Arab physicians was Abu Bakr al-Razi or
Rhazes (Latin name)-

Question 22

Colonial America’s first Hospital

Answer 22

(Pennsylvania) was
established in Philadelphia in 1751.
– Pennsylvania Hospital was founded in 1751 by Dr. Thomas Bond and
Benjamin Franklin “to care for the sick-poor and insane who were
wandering the streets of Philadelphia.”

Question 23

America’s first Hospital Pharmacist was

Answer 23

Jonathan Roberts,

Question 23

a German Swedish
Pharmaceutical- Chemist, made a thousands of
experiments, discovered oxygen, chlorine and
manganese

Answer 23

Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742- 1786),

Question 23

a German pharmacist give the world
opium’s chief narcotic principle: Morphine

Answer 23

Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner (1783-
1841),

Question 24

He was one of the most outstanding
pharmacists who significantly influenced
the transformation of pharmaceutical
chemistry from a state of alchemistry to an
acknowledged branch of science at the end
of the 18th century.

Answer 24

Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner

Question 24

He proved the importance of a new class of
organic substances: Alkaloids

Answer 24

Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner

Question 29

It helped regulate the practice of dispensing medicine and
encouraged pharmacists to develop close relationships with the
doctors who prescribed the medicine.

Answer 29

The American Pharmaceutical Association (1852)

Question 30

was the patriarch of
American pharmacy: a founder of the first college of
pharmacy in the United States (Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy in 1821), the first American pharmacy journal,
and the first national professional association.

Answer 30

Daniel B. Smith (1792- 1883)

Question 30

He was a practitioner, experimenter, editor,
association leader and professor.

Answer 30

– Although the designation “Father of American Pharmacy”
fell to his young protégé and colleague William Procter Jr.
(1817- 1874).

Question 30

– A group of 11 physicians met at the US
Capitol in Washington DC, the result of
which was the creation of the first United
States Pharmacopeia (published as The
Pharmacopoeia of The United States of
America).
– The first editions were very basic, and
aimed only to serve as “authoritative”
resources for the public to consult.

Answer 30

“United States Pharmacopoeia” (1820)

Question 31

principally aimed
to serve as a resource and a formulary for small-scale
compounding of medicines.

Answer 31

Independently of the United States Pharmacopeia, the
American Pharmaceutical Association established the
National Formulary (NF) in 1888. The NF

Question 32

contains monographs and standards for
medicines, finished dosage forms, active drug substances,
excipients, biologics, compounded preparations, medical
devices, dietary supplements, and many other therapeutic
goods intended for use in healthcare.

Answer 32

The USP-NF

Question 33

opened vast new horizons for the advancement of
Pharmacy and medicine. He was an American explorer,
botanist, and pharmacist.

Answer 33

Scientific adventurers, such as Henry Hurd Rusby (1855-
1940),

Question 34

He collected more than 60,000 botanical specimens and
described nearly a thousand new species of plants. Three genera
, Rusbya Britton, Rusbyanthus Gilg, and Rusbyella Rolfe ex Rusby,
numerous species, and the alkaloid rusbyine bear his name. He is
cited as the author of 49 taxon names.

Answer 34

Henry Hurd Rusby

Question 35

a German medical scientist,
published his memoir, ‘The Potency Estimation of
diphtheria antiserum and its theoretical basis’, which laid
the foundation for all future work on biological
standardization

Answer 35

Paul Ehrlich (1854- 1915),

Question 36

Biological products (made from microorganisms) got
their start with the discovery of diphtheria antitoxin by

Answer 36

Behring and Roux in 1894.

Question 37

Pharmaceutical manufacturers since have constantly
improved serums, antitoxins, and vaccines, which have
saved countless lives.

Question 38

is also known for his
pioneering work in hematology, immunology, and
chemotherapy and for his discovery of the first
effective treatment for syphilis

Answer 38

Paul Ehrlich (1854- 1915),

Question 39

also known as Salvarsan or compound 606, is a
drug that was introduced at the beginning of the 1910s as the
first effective treatment for syphilis, relapsing fever, and African
trypanosomiasis.

Answer 39

Arsphenamine,

Question 39

a
French pharmacist who worked for 30 years and headed
chemical laboratories in the world-renowned Institut
Pasteur, in Paris. He developed Stovaine in 1904.

Answer 39

Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau (1872- 1949),

Question 40

is used as a spinal anesthesia. It contains Amylocaine,
the first synthetic and non-addictive local anesthetic.

Answer 40

Stovaine

Question 41

His early work with bismuth and arsenic compounds
advanced the treatment of syphilis and paved the way for
the development of sulfonamide drugs and
antihistamines.

Answer 41

Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau

Question 42

successfully isolated the
hormone insulin for the first time.
– The breakthrough research took place at the
University of Toronto, where Banting and
Best successfully isolated insulin from dogs,
produced diabetes symptoms in the animals,
and then provided insulin injections that
produced normal blood glucose levels.

Answer 42

In 1921, Dr. Frederick Banting, a
Canadian surgeon, and Charles Best, a
medical student,

Question 43

in Germany was possibly the
earliest company to move in this
direction. Originating as a pharmacy
founded in Darmstadt in 1668, it was
in 1827 that Heinrich Emanuel Merck
began the transition towards an
industrial and scientific concern, by
manufacturing and selling alkaloids.

Answer 43

Merck

Question 44

a biopharma company
that has grown from a handful of
individual founders into a company of
over 69,000 people.

Answer 44

GlaxoSmithKline

Question 45

became involved in the
industrial production of medicine,
producing patented medicine in 1842,
and the world’s first factory for
producing only medicines in 1859.

Answer 45

Beecham

Question 46

was
founded in 1849 by two German
immigrants, initially as a fine chemicals
business.
– Charles Pfizer & Charles Erhart

Answer 46

Pfizer

Question 47

Their business expanded rapidly during
the American Civil War as demand for
painkillers and antiseptics rocketed.

Answer 47

Pfizer

Question 48

was providing the medicines
needed for the Union war effort,

Answer 48

Whilst Pfizer

Question 49

a young cavalry
commander named Colonel Eli Lilly was serving
in their army.

Answer 49

Colonel Eli Lilly

Question 50

was an
archetype of the dynamic and multi-talented
19th century American industrialist, who after
his military career, and trying his hand at
farming, set up a pharmaceutical business in
1876.
* He was a pioneer of new methods in the
industry, being one of the first to focus on R&D
as well as manufacturing.

Answer 50

Lilly

Question 51

who as a naval doctor during the
Mexican-American war of 1846–1848
threw the drugs he was supplied with
overboard due to their low quality.

Answer 51

Edward Robinson Squibb,

Question 52

He set up a laboratory in 1858, like Pfizer
supplying Union armies in the civil war,
and laying the basis for today’s BMS.

Answer 52

Another military man in the drugs
business was Edward Robinson Squibb,

Question 53

Swiss manufacturers gradually began to
realise their dyestuffs had antiseptic and
other properties and began to market them
as pharmaceuticals, in contrast to the origin
in pharmacies of other enterprises.
* Switzerland’s total lack of patent laws led to
it being accused of being a “pirate state” in
the German Reichstag.

Answer 53

Sandoz, CIBA-Geigy, and Roche of the
pharmaceutical industry all have their roots
in this boom.

Question 54

was founded in 1863 as a dye
maker in Wuppertal, the hometown of
Karl Marx’s collaborator Friedrich
Engels.

Answer 54

Bayer

Question 55

It later moved into medicines,
commercializing ASPIRIN around the
turn of the 20th century, one of the
most successful pharmaceuticals ever
at that point.

Answer 55

Bayer

Question 56

discovered the first
antibiotic, Penicillin. However, it took over a decade
before penicillin was introduced as a treatment for
bacterial infections

Answer 56

In 1928: Alexander Fleming

Question 57

The first commercially available
antibacterial

Answer 57

Prontosil,

Question 58

a sulfonamide developed
by the German biochemist Gerhard Domagk

Answer 58

Prontosil,

Question 59

In 1945: Penicillin was introduced on a large scale as
a treatment for bacterial infections. This was possible
through the work of BLANK
Chain who managed to efficiently purify the
antibiotic and scale up the production.

Answer 59

Howard Florey and Ernst Boris

Question 60

marked the beginning of the
so-called “golden era” of antibiotics

Answer 60

The introduction of penicillin