History of Pharmacy Practice Flashcards

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1
Q

first soothing
application

A

Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud

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2
Q

Human beings seek natural cures for their ailments

A

plants, animals and
minerals

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3
Q

called the cradle of
civilization, provides the earliest known
record of practice of the art of
apothecary.

A

Around 2400 BC- Babylon, of ancient
Mesopotamia,

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4
Q

Practitioners of healing in this era were

A

priest, pharmacists and physicians

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5
Q

the
first sign of the sickness, the prescription,
and the compounding instructions were
written

A

On clay tablets or Sumerian cuneiform,

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6
Q

an emperor sought
out and investigated the medicinal value of several
medicinal herbs.

A

Around 2000 BC- SHEN NUNG,

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7
Q

written by Shen Nung, is a collection of
365 native herbs

A

Pen T-Sao

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8
Q

Medicinal plants include:

A

podophyllum, rhubarb,
ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark, ma huang or
ephedra

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9
Q

a medicinal record
from Ancient Egypt contains a collection of 800
prescriptions, 700 medications, and some recorded
formulas for lotions, inhalations, gargles, tablets,
ointments, and poultices

A

Around 1500 BC- “Papyrus Ebers”

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10
Q

among the greatest
early Greek philosophers and natural scientists, is
called- the Father of Botany
– He holds belladonna, behind him are pomegranate
blooms, senna, and manuscript scrolls
– Used as slates were slabs of ivory, coated with colored
beeswax

A

Around 300 BC- THEOPHRASTUS

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11
Q

an early “trademarked” drug.
* A clay tablet made on the
Mediterranean Island of Lemos which
holds medicinal tablets that carry a
trademark, to identify the source and
inspire trust in their products

A

Around 500 BC- Terra Sigillata (Sealed
Earth),

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11
Q

Around 600 BC- The earliest
recorded occurrence of a
compounded medication in
INDIAN Traditional medicine is
found in

A

SUSHRATA SAMHITA

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12
Q

Two or more echelons:

A

Gatherers and preparers of drugs
* “Chiefs of fabrications”, or head pharmacists
– They worked in the “House of Life”

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13
Q

the royal toxicologist

A

Mithridates VI

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14
Q

He is remarkable in Pharmacy history and is called the
Royal Toxicologist where his widely recognized
MITHRIDATUM was used as a poisonous substance
antidote

A

Mithridates VI- King of Pontus

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15
Q

He pursued to discover the art of poisoning, avoiding
poison, and treating it.

A

Around 100 BC- Mithridates VI- King of Pontus

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16
Q

was used as a poisonous substance
antidote

A

MITHRIDATUM

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17
Q

He experimented on himself and his prisoners for poisons
and antidotes which leads him to create one against all
kinds of poison

A

Mithridates VI- King of Pontus

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18
Q

a
notable individual who made substantial
contribution in Pharmacy Practice.

A

Around 1

st Century A.D.- Pedanios Dioscorides

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19
Q

commonly known as GALEN, was a Roman Greek physician,
surgeon, and philosopher.
– The first physician to use the pulse as a sign of illness
– His name still is associated with that class of

pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means-
Galenicals

– Originator of the formula for a cold cream

A

Around 130-200 AD- Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus

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19
Q

His work, DE MATERIA MEDICA is a record of his findings
and specifications for the acquisition, storage, and usage
of medications. It has a record of nearly 500 plants and
remedies prepared from plants, animals and metals.

A

Pedanios Dioscorides

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20
Q

Because they refused payment for their services, they
were called the “silverless ones.” Their tomb in the Syrian
City of Cyprus was made a shrine and many miracles
were attributed to them

A

DAMIAN- the apothecary
– COSMAS- the physician

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20
Q

Twin brothers of Arabian descent, and devout Christian

A

DAMIAN- the apothecary
– COSMAS- the physician

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21
Q

who contributed greatly to the pharmacy
practice by compiling texts, in which he introduced the use of
“mercurial ointments” and his development of apparatus such
as mortars, flasks, spatulas and vials, which were used in
pharmacies until the early twentieth century.

A

One of the greatest Arab physicians was Abu Bakr al-Razi or
Rhazes (Latin name)-

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22
Q

Colonial America’s first Hospital

A

(Pennsylvania) was
established in Philadelphia in 1751.
– Pennsylvania Hospital was founded in 1751 by Dr. Thomas Bond and
Benjamin Franklin “to care for the sick-poor and insane who were
wandering the streets of Philadelphia.”

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23
Q

America’s first Hospital Pharmacist was

A

Jonathan Roberts,

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23
Q

a German Swedish
Pharmaceutical- Chemist, made a thousands of
experiments, discovered oxygen, chlorine and
manganese

A

Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742- 1786),

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23
Q

a German pharmacist give the world
opium’s chief narcotic principle: Morphine

A

Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner (1783-
1841),

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24
Q

He was one of the most outstanding
pharmacists who significantly influenced
the transformation of pharmaceutical
chemistry from a state of alchemistry to an
acknowledged branch of science at the end
of the 18th century.

A

Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner

24
Q

He proved the importance of a new class of
organic substances: Alkaloids

A

Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner

25
Q
A
26
Q
A
27
Q
A
28
Q
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29
Q
A
29
Q

It helped regulate the practice of dispensing medicine and
encouraged pharmacists to develop close relationships with the
doctors who prescribed the medicine.

A

The American Pharmaceutical Association (1852)

30
Q

was the patriarch of
American pharmacy: a founder of the first college of
pharmacy in the United States (Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy in 1821), the first American pharmacy journal,
and the first national professional association.

A

Daniel B. Smith (1792- 1883)

30
Q

He was a practitioner, experimenter, editor,
association leader and professor.

A

– Although the designation “Father of American Pharmacy”
fell to his young protégé and colleague William Procter Jr.
(1817- 1874).

30
Q

– A group of 11 physicians met at the US
Capitol in Washington DC, the result of
which was the creation of the first United
States Pharmacopeia (published as The
Pharmacopoeia of The United States of
America).
– The first editions were very basic, and
aimed only to serve as “authoritative”
resources for the public to consult.

A

“United States Pharmacopoeia” (1820)

31
Q

principally aimed
to serve as a resource and a formulary for small-scale
compounding of medicines.

A

Independently of the United States Pharmacopeia, the
American Pharmaceutical Association established the
National Formulary (NF) in 1888. The NF

32
Q

contains monographs and standards for
medicines, finished dosage forms, active drug substances,
excipients, biologics, compounded preparations, medical
devices, dietary supplements, and many other therapeutic
goods intended for use in healthcare.

A

The USP-NF

33
Q

opened vast new horizons for the advancement of
Pharmacy and medicine. He was an American explorer,
botanist, and pharmacist.

A

Scientific adventurers, such as Henry Hurd Rusby (1855-
1940),

34
Q

He collected more than 60,000 botanical specimens and
described nearly a thousand new species of plants. Three genera
, Rusbya Britton, Rusbyanthus Gilg, and Rusbyella Rolfe ex Rusby,
numerous species, and the alkaloid rusbyine bear his name. He is
cited as the author of 49 taxon names.

A

Henry Hurd Rusby

35
Q

a German medical scientist,
published his memoir, ‘The Potency Estimation of
diphtheria antiserum and its theoretical basis’, which laid
the foundation for all future work on biological
standardization

A

Paul Ehrlich (1854- 1915),

36
Q

Biological products (made from microorganisms) got
their start with the discovery of diphtheria antitoxin by

A

Behring and Roux in 1894.

37
Q

Pharmaceutical manufacturers since have constantly
improved serums, antitoxins, and vaccines, which have
saved countless lives.

A
38
Q

is also known for his
pioneering work in hematology, immunology, and
chemotherapy and for his discovery of the first
effective treatment for syphilis

A

Paul Ehrlich (1854- 1915),

39
Q

also known as Salvarsan or compound 606, is a
drug that was introduced at the beginning of the 1910s as the
first effective treatment for syphilis, relapsing fever, and African
trypanosomiasis.

A

Arsphenamine,

39
Q

a
French pharmacist who worked for 30 years and headed
chemical laboratories in the world-renowned Institut
Pasteur, in Paris. He developed Stovaine in 1904.

A

Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau (1872- 1949),

40
Q

is used as a spinal anesthesia. It contains Amylocaine,
the first synthetic and non-addictive local anesthetic.

A

Stovaine

41
Q

His early work with bismuth and arsenic compounds
advanced the treatment of syphilis and paved the way for
the development of sulfonamide drugs and
antihistamines.

A

Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau

42
Q

successfully isolated the
hormone insulin for the first time.
– The breakthrough research took place at the
University of Toronto, where Banting and
Best successfully isolated insulin from dogs,
produced diabetes symptoms in the animals,
and then provided insulin injections that
produced normal blood glucose levels.

A

In 1921, Dr. Frederick Banting, a
Canadian surgeon, and Charles Best, a
medical student,

43
Q

in Germany was possibly the
earliest company to move in this
direction. Originating as a pharmacy
founded in Darmstadt in 1668, it was
in 1827 that Heinrich Emanuel Merck
began the transition towards an
industrial and scientific concern, by
manufacturing and selling alkaloids.

A

Merck

44
Q

a biopharma company
that has grown from a handful of
individual founders into a company of
over 69,000 people.

A

GlaxoSmithKline

45
Q

became involved in the
industrial production of medicine,
producing patented medicine in 1842,
and the world’s first factory for
producing only medicines in 1859.

A

Beecham

46
Q

was
founded in 1849 by two German
immigrants, initially as a fine chemicals
business.
– Charles Pfizer & Charles Erhart

A

Pfizer

47
Q

Their business expanded rapidly during
the American Civil War as demand for
painkillers and antiseptics rocketed.

A

Pfizer

48
Q

was providing the medicines
needed for the Union war effort,

A

Whilst Pfizer

49
Q

a young cavalry
commander named Colonel Eli Lilly was serving
in their army.

A

Colonel Eli Lilly

50
Q

was an
archetype of the dynamic and multi-talented
19th century American industrialist, who after
his military career, and trying his hand at
farming, set up a pharmaceutical business in
1876.
* He was a pioneer of new methods in the
industry, being one of the first to focus on R&D
as well as manufacturing.

A

Lilly

51
Q

who as a naval doctor during the
Mexican-American war of 1846–1848
threw the drugs he was supplied with
overboard due to their low quality.

A

Edward Robinson Squibb,

52
Q

He set up a laboratory in 1858, like Pfizer
supplying Union armies in the civil war,
and laying the basis for today’s BMS.

A

Another military man in the drugs
business was Edward Robinson Squibb,

53
Q

Swiss manufacturers gradually began to
realise their dyestuffs had antiseptic and
other properties and began to market them
as pharmaceuticals, in contrast to the origin
in pharmacies of other enterprises.
* Switzerland’s total lack of patent laws led to
it being accused of being a “pirate state” in
the German Reichstag.

A

Sandoz, CIBA-Geigy, and Roche of the
pharmaceutical industry all have their roots
in this boom.

54
Q

was founded in 1863 as a dye
maker in Wuppertal, the hometown of
Karl Marx’s collaborator Friedrich
Engels.

A

Bayer

55
Q

It later moved into medicines,
commercializing ASPIRIN around the
turn of the 20th century, one of the
most successful pharmaceuticals ever
at that point.

A

Bayer

56
Q

discovered the first
antibiotic, Penicillin. However, it took over a decade
before penicillin was introduced as a treatment for
bacterial infections

A

In 1928: Alexander Fleming

57
Q

The first commercially available
antibacterial

A

Prontosil,

58
Q

a sulfonamide developed
by the German biochemist Gerhard Domagk

A

Prontosil,

59
Q

In 1945: Penicillin was introduced on a large scale as
a treatment for bacterial infections. This was possible
through the work of BLANK
Chain who managed to efficiently purify the
antibiotic and scale up the production.

A

Howard Florey and Ernst Boris

60
Q

marked the beginning of the
so-called “golden era” of antibiotics

A

The introduction of penicillin