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soils Flashcards

1
Q

what is a zonal soil

A
  • mixture of solid, liquid and gas occurring in
    1. major soil groups
    2. taking a long time to form
    3. dependant on climate
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2
Q

what are the 5 fuctions of soil

A
  1. filtering and buffering
  2. hydrological buffer
  3. food biodiversity and habitat
  4. nutrient cycle
  5. physical stability and support
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3
Q

what is the (O) of the structure of soil

A

the thin humus layer

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4
Q

what is the (A) of the structure of soil

A

the topsoil

  • rich in nutrients
  • good for growing crops
  • good for roots
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5
Q

what is the (B) of the structure of soil

A
  • subsoil
  • little humus
  • rich In nutrients
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6
Q

what is the (C) of the structure of soil

A
  • rock that has been weathered

- few signs of life

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7
Q

what is the (D) of the structure of soil

A

bedrock

-soild rock

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8
Q

where is the tropical red latasol

A

in the tropics, due to the hot damp climate the nutrients are washed away

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9
Q

where is the podsol

A

associated with cold climates with less precipitation and a poor nutrient cycle

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10
Q

what are the 4 types of water erosion

A
  1. sheet
  2. rill
  3. gully
  4. river bank
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11
Q

what are the 4 types of wind erosion

A
  1. creep
  2. saltation
  3. abrasion
  4. suspension
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12
Q

what is sheet erosion

A
  • water erosion

- when rain loosens soil and overland flow transports topsoil

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13
Q

what is rill erosion

A
  • water erosion

- rain doesn’t soak into soil it gathers on the surface forming channels of rills

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14
Q

what is gully erosion

A
  • water erosion
  • rills unattended create larger gullies
  • land cant grow crops
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15
Q

what is river bank erosion

A
  • water erosion

- soil washed away by unmanaged rivers as they meander floodplains

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16
Q

what is creep erosion

A
  • wind erosion
  • the movement when particles are greater in size and cant be lifted
  • wind rolls along the surface being hit by other particles
17
Q

what is saltation erosion

A
  • wind erosion
  • main process
  • suspended particles are lifted by wind then fall back onto the ground, bouncing
18
Q

what is abrasion erosion

A
  • wind erosion
  • fall back on the ground
  • hit other particles and break into smaller particles
19
Q

what is suspension erosion

A
  • wind erosion
  • small particles lifted into air are transported
  • most settle back to the ground
20
Q

what is salinisation

A

it refers to a build up of salt in soil, eventually becoming toxic for plants

21
Q

why is salt toxic to plants

A

because it affects how much water it can hold

22
Q

what happens during salinisation

A

the water evaporates and the salt is left on the surface

23
Q

how do you treat salinisation

A

flush the soil in lots of water

24
Q

what are the problems of salinisation

A
  1. rainwater contains salt
  2. evaportation from dry surfaces leaves salt behind
  3. hard for soil where the water table is less than 1m drown
  4. all irrigation water contains salt
25
Q

what is the structural deterioration of soils

A

the arrangement of soil particles into groups, called ‘peds’ which form distict shapes

26
Q

what is the granular and crumb structure

A
  • individual particles of sand, silt and clay grouped together
  • water circulates easily
  • permeable
27
Q

what is the blocky structure

A
  • soil particles cling together in almost squaure blocks
  • large blocks are resisyant to the movement of water
  • moderately permeable
28
Q

what is the prismatic and columnar structure

A
  • formed into verticle columns sepearated by cracks
  • water circulates with difficulty and drainage is poor
  • moderately permeable
29
Q

what is the platy structure

A
  • soil particles aggregate in thin plates piled horizontally
  • often overlap
  • low permeable
30
Q

what happens during normal conditions

A

the breakdown of soil is rare

31
Q

how can soil structures be divided

A
  • into 2 catagories

1. those associated with net reduction in soil organic matter in topsoil

32
Q

what are the 2 main reasons for soil structures

A
  1. cultivation of soil causing physical fracturing and mixing of soil which stimulates background
  2. less organic material is returned to the soil in the form of decaying plants bevause its removed in arable farmining
33
Q

what happens when soil organic matter declines

A

theres a breakdown in soil structure because bonds become weak

34
Q

what happens when soil is exposed to heavy rain

A

soils form a surface crust that impedes the movement of water

35
Q

how is the compaction of soil created

A

by combining the pressure and sliding forces are applied

forces include tractors, wheels etc

36
Q

what does the way a soil reacts to pressure depend on

A

texture, moisture, hardness and depth

37
Q

name 5 ways to manage soil

A
  1. terracing
  2. contour ploughing
  3. crop rotation
  4. strip cropping
  5. direct drilling
  6. selective afforestation
  7. controlled grazing
  8. improved drainage to prevent water logging
  9. careful management of irrigation to reduce risk of waterlogging

population (24 decks)

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