Soils 2

Question 1

Darker soils indicate…

Answer 1

More organic matter

Question 2

Which layer accumulates iron, clay, aluminum, and organic compounds?

Answer 2

Subsoil (B)

Question 3

Which layer is present with pronounced leaching?

Answer 3

E

Question 4

How many soil orders are there?

Answer 4

12

Question 5

What causes red color in soil?

Answer 5

Oxidation of iron

Question 6

Which soil is most fertile?

Answer 6

Sedimentary

Question 7

Underlying soil gets ___________ on slopes.

Answer 7

exposed

Question 8

Excessive soil moisture leads to…

Answer 8

excessive vegetative growth
increased fruit acidity
diluted fruit and wine flavors
fruit rots are increased by berry splitting
disease conditions in dense canopies of vigorous vines

Question 9

Insufficient water leads to…

Answer 9

drought stress
insufficient vine growth
reduced yields
impaired fruit ripening
sun-burning of fruit

Question 10

Which soils are more prone to frost?

Answer 10

rock soils

Question 11

_____ soil absorbs and loses heat faster than ______ soil

Answer 11

Dry soil absorbs and loses heat faster than wet soil

Question 12

Can white or light color soils reflect more heat and light?

Answer 12

Yes, up to 50%

Question 13

Does dark soil increase soil temperature?

Answer 13

Yes, as little as 5% increase in soil temperature

Question 14

How does slope affect vine exposure to radiation?

Answer 14

It increases exposure by changing the orientation to the sun

Question 15

Root growth is delimited by…

Answer 15

bed rock
impenetrable clay
cemented pans
inhospitable environment (competition)
chemical toxicity
waterlogging

Question 16

Why do roots not grow at the surface?

Answer 16

High temperatures
cultivation

Question 17

Roots are often in the top______ (even in deep soils)

Answer 17

1 meter

Question 18

What is considered a shallow soil?

Answer 18

30 cm

Question 19

What is considered a deep soil?

Answer 19

200 cm

Question 20

Is soil with <25% clay good or bad?

Answer 20

Good; water with high clay has less available water

Question 21

Is soil with >25% clay good or bad?

Answer 21

Not so good;

Leads to compaction, shrink-swell, damage and/or asphixiateroots, and waterlogging

Question 22

Soils can be described in terms of its …

Answer 22

Depth, parent rock origin, texture, hydrology

and organic matter, CEC, microbial and other invertebrate fauna density and diversity

Question 23

Humus

Answer 23

OM that has broken down as far as it can go
Present at depth in soil
A soil devoid of humus cannot be penetrated by roots

Question 24

Humus is formed by:

Answer 24

non degradation of plant lignin (carbon)
activity of soil microorganisms

Question 25

Soil needs humus to ...

Answer 25

Remain fertile, Sustain the biological life of the soil organisms

Question 26

What is the role of soil water?

Answer 26

Enables the transfer of nutrients from soil to the plant roots mitigates soil temperature contributes to vine vigor sustains soil microorganisms that increase transfer of nutrients into roots aides in ion transfer and interdependent with CEC

Question 27

Cation exchange capacity (CEC)

Answer 27

the soil's ability to attract/hold positively charged nutrient cations Influences soil structural stability, nutrient availability, soil pH and the soil's reaction to fertilisers and other ameliorants

Question 28

The level of CEC depends on ...

Answer 28

percentage and mineralogy of clay it contains amount of OM pH

Question 29

The 4 major exchangeable cations in soils are...

Answer 29

Calcium Ca2+ Magnesium Mg2+ Potassium K+ Sodium Na+

Question 30

Clay has a low or high CEC?

Answer 30

high

Question 31

High base saturation means...

Answer 31

...more sites are occupied by these (basic) ions and less by H+ ions (acidic)

Question 32

High base saturation correlates with...

Answer 32

high pH

Question 33

How do cover crops add N to soil?

Answer 33

Leguminous cover crops can 'fix' atmospheric N

Question 34

As soil pH increases, _______ and ________ becomes more available?

Answer 34

calcium and magnesium

Question 35

As soil pH decrease, ________ and ________ become more available but causes decreased availability of other essential nutrients.

Answer 35

aluminum and iron

Question 36

If the soil has more cations like Ca2+ and Mg2+, the soil likely has a ...

Answer 36

higher pH

Question 37

A soil pH may be too low due to ...

Answer 37

Al3+ and Fe3+ oxides intensive farming ammonium based fertilizers organic matter

Question 38

A soil pH can be raised by....

Answer 38

Applying lime (calcium)

Question 39

How much lime and/or organic matter to add to a soil?

Answer 39

on clay soils, 1 T/ha raises pH by 0.1 on lighter soils, 1 T/ha will raise pH by 0.4

Question 40

Lime-induced chlorosis

Answer 40

Symptoms- yellow leaves in spring Solution- lime resistant rootstock In high pH soils, unavailability of Fe3+ due to competition from excess Ca2+ ions, which affects the development of chlorophyll.

Question 41

Old world perspectives on wine

Answer 41

Soils are important in affecting wine quality properties are often small parcels due to inheritance irrigation is typically not done Long experience in one sit gives a hierarchy of "crus" soil type can be used for defining appellation regions

Question 42

New world perspectives on soil and wine

Answer 42

Soils are unimportant in affecting wine quality properties are often large irrigation is widely used limited historical experience soil mapping now more common

Question 43

A good soil has...

Answer 43

Water holding capacities >enough but not too much >easily extracted by roots >resistance to runoff Root penetration >large enough zone to get water and nutrients >not too shallow >deep (if no irrigation) >resistance to compaction

Question 44

Tools to improve soil....

Answer 44

drainage ripping liming adding OM

Question 45

Tools to prevent deterioration...

Answer 45

Avoid compaction Fertilize as needed Mulch to retain water Do not overwater