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Viticulture > Grapevine Physiology and Structure > Flashcards

Grapevine Physiology and Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What do meristem cells do?

A

Perform the specialized function of growth by the creation of new cells through cell division.

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2
Q

What is the apical meristem?

A

a tiny growing point within the folding leaves at the tip of the expanding shoot.

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3
Q

What are the additional growing points at the base of each leaf?

A

Buds

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4
Q

What are two specialized meristems in the vine?

A

Vascular cambium and cork cambium, which are responsible for radial growth of woody parts of the vine.

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5
Q

Does the soot tip have a meristem?

A

Yes

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6
Q

What produces new xylem and phloem tissue every year?

A

Vascular cambium

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7
Q

What does the phloem transport and where is located?

A

sugar; outside

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8
Q

What does the xylem transport and where is located?

A

water; inside

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9
Q

Where are buds located?

A

at the base of each leaf?

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10
Q

How are the leaves arranged on a vine?

A

alternating

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11
Q

Where are the clusters on a shoot?

A

At the third or fourth leaf (instead of a tendril)

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12
Q

What is the cap?

A

the sepals coming up and covering the flower (fused)

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13
Q

When does the cap come off?

A

at flowering, taking the petals with it

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14
Q

What percentage of flowers become berries?

A

30%

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15
Q

Cultivated vines are ____________ flowers.

A

perfect (hermaphrodetic)

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16
Q

Peduncle

A

Connects bunch to shoot

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17
Q

Pedicel

A

Connects berry to rachis

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18
Q

Rachis

A

the stem structure; important for considering when you want to do stem-inclusion

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19
Q

What came the first: the tendril or the cluster?

A

cluster

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20
Q

Cluster structure is _________.

A

variable (100-2000 flowers variation in a bunch)

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21
Q

What are the components of berries?

A

skin, pulp, and seeds

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22
Q

Do berries have a vascular system?

A

yes (in the skin)

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23
Q

Where are the majority of phenolics?

A

in the skin

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24
Q

Where is the biggest place to store sugar reserves after dormancy?

A

roots (all woody tissues store carbohydrates and roots are the biggest woody tissue)

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25
Q

Teinturier grapes

A

grapes whose flesh and juice is red in colour due to anthocyanin pigments accumulating within the pulp of the grape berry itself

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26
Q

What are the roles of the root system?

A

provides physical support for the plant in the soil
provides water and nutrient uptake
storage organ of carbohydrates and nutrients

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27
Q

When is the fastest period of growth for a vine in a season?

A

from budbreak to the first leaves; the vine is working off of storage

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28
Q

Fine roots

A

short lived but some percentage endure and become woody tissue

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29
Q

The number and placement of roots depends on…

A

soil structure, water, and nutrient availability

30
Q

What is the range of the root biomass?

A

5-40 t/ha

31
Q

The majority of roots are in the top _______.

A

0.5-1 m (this is where the nutrients are)

32
Q

What are the 4 senses of the root?

A

nutrients, water, structure, gravity

33
Q

What determines rooting angles?

A

genetics

(V. riparia Gloire, wide, shallow rooting, in wet environments)
(V. rupestris du Lot, narrow, deep rooting)

34
Q

How many species do all rootstocks come from?

A

3

35
Q

Low vigor rootstock has ________ rooting angles.

A

wide, shallow

36
Q

High vigor rootstock has __________ rooting angles.

A

narrow, deep

37
Q

Phenology

A

the study of natural phenomena that recur periodically in plants and animals, and of the relationship of these phenomena to climate and changes in season.

38
Q

Why do we care about phenology?

A

It is important for site and cultivar selection, vineyard design, the timing of cultural practices, and the prediction of the future.

39
Q

When do berries grow?

A

at night

40
Q

When do leaves grow?

A

morning

41
Q

Why is there no growth late in the day?

A

Internal pressure is a driving force for growth. There is less tension (pressure) in the vine later in the day due to heat so there is less growth.

42
Q

What happens to grapevines in tropical climates?

A

They do not have uniform phenology; They grow throughout the year; they have multiple seasons throughout the year but with heterogenous development; hard to cultivate

43
Q

What happens to grapevines in temperate climates?

A

They have uniform phenology due to going into dormancy

44
Q

What are the distinct developmental stages?

A

Dormancy
Budbreak
Bloom/Flowering
Fruit Set
Veraison
Ripeness or Maturity
Leaf Fall

45
Q

Dormancy

A

no visible growth, minimal metabolism; high concentrations of abscisic acid in the buds and woody tissues.

46
Q

Why are vines cold hardy below 0˚C?

A

Sugar lowers the freezing point of the vine to -15 to -20˚ C.

47
Q

Budbreak/Spring time

A

Remobilization of nutrients and pumping of sugar through xylem; the osmotic potential of the xylem sap leads to high (positive) hydrostatic pressure in the entire xylem… the vine is “crying”; reactivation of dormant buds; delivery of sugars in the absence of phloem flow enable the buds to resume growth and break

48
Q

Buds are young, ____________ shoots.

A

compressed

49
Q

Buds are formed by the ________________.

A

Shoot apical meristem

50
Q

What protects the bud from freezing?

A

scales (perule)

51
Q

Why choose to cane prune?

A

There is an inherent fertility to buds. Buds further up the shoot from the base tend to have higher fertility. Certain low vigor varieties require cane pruning to achieve a yield.

52
Q

Lateral buds

A

gives rise to lateral shoots

53
Q

Primary buds (dormant buds)

A

contains 3 separate buds and gives rise to 8-10 leaf primordia

54
Q

Latent (secondary) buds

A

remain dormant for several years; can be fruitful, but are usually less fruitful

55
Q

When do the secondary buds pushed?

A

When the primary bud is damaged or there is too much vigor.

56
Q

Basal buds

A

Located at the base of a cane/shoot and can be lateral buds, primary buds, or secondary buds; also called crown buds

57
Q

Budbreak is dependent on…

A

temperature

58
Q

What are 2 types of shoot growth from buds?

A

fixed growth and free growth

59
Q

What is fixed growth?

A

Occurs from leaf primordia and internodes pre-formed during bud development and is responsible for the rapid growth of the first 6-12 leaves.

When you cut a bud you would already seen these

60
Q

What is free growth?

A

Occurs later and is production of new leaf primordia in the shoot’s apical meristem

61
Q

Why are young red variety vines red?

A

There are anthocyanin present in the leaves and will turn green with chlorophyl production.

62
Q

Apical dominance

A

growth starts from the most distal buds and produces auxin which inhibits growth below.

Favors vegetation closer to light for synthesis

63
Q

Why is the period from bud break to the first 6-12 leaves the fastest?

A

To establish a canopy to start photosynthesizing

64
Q

What are the visual signs of stopped growth?

A

When the leaves near the shoot tip are bigger and there are no smaller leaves.

65
Q

When do berries stop growth in the season?

A

During veraison

66
Q

When would grapevine growth not plateau and keep going?

A

When there is too much vigor

67
Q

Where is most of the N in leaves?

A

chlorplasts

68
Q

What happens to the vine after completing the shoot growth cycle and before it drops its leaves?

A

The vine remobilizes N (80%) C (50%) S (50%) and Fe (20%).

Dehydrates and gets ready for cold acclimation

Vascular sealing

69
Q

What happens in a stress event when the canopy drops its’ leaves quickly?

A

It doesn’t remobilize and store the nutrients

70
Q

Why do some growers irrigate vines after the harvest?

A

To alleviate stress for the vine so it will have a healthier system before going into dormancy

71
Q

Where do clusters normally develop?

A

3rd to 6th nodes (3,4, and 6)

Viticulture (15 decks)

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