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Computer Science A-Level > Software System > Flashcards

Software System Flashcards

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1
Q

Actuators

A

what robots use to manipulate objects

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2
Q

Age of Computers

A

this provided the ability to execute complex control algorithms and process large amounts of data in real time

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3
Q

Argument

A

where a parameter is given a specific value

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4
Q

Association

A

having a link to a network in order to authenticate it

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5
Q

Automation

A

use of control systems such as computers to operate on an environment

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6
Q

Fixed Automation

A

assembly lines in manufacturing a single project

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7
Q

Flexible Automation

A

industrial robots that can perform various tasks and be reprogrammed easily

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8
Q

Programmable Automation

A

machines that can be reprogrammed for different tasks

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9
Q

Automation Knight

A

the first robot, built by Leonardo Da Vinci and worked using various pulleys

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10
Q

Backtracking

A

after finding a solution or goal fails, go back to an earlier point and take alternative routes through facts and rules until the goal is achieved or all possibilities are exhausted

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11
Q

Backward Chaining

A

a process used by expert systems that starts with a goal and works backwards, step-by-step, to determine what facts or conditions need to be true to achieve that goal

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12
Q

Backward Propagation

A

a method used in neural networks to update the world

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13
Q

Control Systems

A

use of computers to control physical systems

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14
Q

Cracking

A

mechanically decrypting data

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15
Q

Declarative Programming

A

where we specify facts, rules and a goal and the program searches for a solution without the programmer specifying how

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16
Q

Defensive Programming

A

program for the worst possible scenario and hope it never happens

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17
Q

Early Automation

A

occurred during the Industrial Revolution and relied on steam engines and mechanical looms to perform repetitive tasks but lacked flexibility

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18
Q

Electronics Revolution

A

involved the introduction of programmable logic controllers enabling flexible automation marking a shift from mechanical systems to electronic control

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19
Q

Expert Systems

A

designed to mimic and provide the skills of a human expert to solve a complex problem through reasoning using user interfaces, knowledge bases, facts and rules and inference engines

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20
Q

Facts

A

something that is always unconditionally true

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21
Q

Fault Tolerance

A

the systems must be designed to handle faults without failing catastrophically; for example, an aircraft control system must have multiple redundancies so if one part fails, another can take over

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22
Q

Formal Methods

A

mathematical techniques are often used to prove the correctness of a system, unlike typical software, where bugs might be annoying, but tolerable, but in safety-critical systems, one bug may lead to disaster

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23
Q

Forward Chaining

A

a process used by expert systems that starts with known facts and applying rules to infer new facts until a goal is reached

24
Q

Free Licence

A

where you can use proprietary software for free

25
Q

Functional Safety

A

where the system is always safe, and even if it fails, it will not cause serious problems

26
Q

General Public Licence

A

a licence for proprietary software that is not free and has strict terms and conditions for copying, modifying and distributing the data

27
Q

HARA

A

Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment

a systematic process used in ISO to identify and evaluate potential hazards in electric cars that ISO applies to

28
Q

IEC61508

A

safety standards for electrical, electronic or programmable electronic systems and products

29
Q

Imperative Programming

A

where we give the program step-by-step instructions to solve the problem

30
Q

Inference Engine

A

analyses the links in the data allowing it to infer things that aren’t explicitly specified and deduce new knowledge

31
Q

Instantiation

A

the creation of a real instance or particular realisation of an abstraction or template

32
Q

ISO26262

A

safety standards for electric vehicles

33
Q

Internet

A

consists of a network of interconnected computer networks using a globally unique address space based on the IP and the TCP to support public access

34
Q

Knowledge Base

A

holds all the knowledge, facts and rules for the expert system allowing it to make decisions

35
Q

Middleware

A

software that acts as a bridge between an operating system or database and applications, especially on a network

36
Q

Page Rank

A

assigned to each webpage in an index by the web crawler in terms of how relevant it is to the user

37
Q

Predicate

A

testing a true/false statement

38
Q

Query

A

something to be solved

39
Q

Race Condition

A

where a catastrophic error depends on a series of conditions at specific times

40
Q

Real Time Path Planning

A

how robots like lawn mowers plan their route and respond to real-time obstacles

41
Q

Rigorous Testing

A

safety-critical systems must comply with strict standards and go through thorough testing and evaluation

42
Q

Risk Based Approach

A

involves identifying, assessing and managing risks based on the likelihood and impact of them happening

43
Q

Robot

A

machine that does a task automatically with minimal human intervention using sensors to interpret the environment, actuators to manipulate objects and a control system to process information and make decisions

44
Q

Robot Simulators

A

enables virtual training, programming and testing of robots through simulation

45
Q

ROS

A

Robot Operating Systems

open-source middleware suite to program robots quickly

46
Q

Rules

A

something that is always unconditionally true

47
Q

Safety Critical Systems

A

systems whose failure could result in significant harm, either in terms of loss of life or severe injury or damage to property or severe environmental damage

48
Q

Safety Interlock

A

login functions that prevents a process from occurring when a hazard exists

49
Q

Specialisation

A

developing safety critical systems through rigorous testing, fault tolerance and formal methods

50
Q

Static Analysis

A

analyses the source code of a program without executing it to check for potential security risks

51
Q

Therac-25

A

Therac-25 was a radiation machine that used software from earlier versions of the Therac, however certain safety measures had been removed and certain processes automated to make the machine run faster. If the user selected X-ray mode, the machine would begin setting up the machine for high-powered X-rays. This process took about 8 seconds. If the user switched to Electron mode within those 8 seconds, the turntable would not switch over to the correct position, leaving the turntable in an unknown state and leaving the Therac unable to tell if it was giving an underdose or overdose. This killed three people and seriously injured three more. After this, software patches were done on the Therac-25, but a second bug was found in the Therac when a fourth person died after receiving an overdose of radiation. This time, it was because a technician sent a command at the same time the counter overflowed, causing an error and once again leaving the Therac unable to tell if it was giving an overdose or an underdose

52
Q

Unimate

A

first computerised robot

53
Q

Web Crawler

A

crawls pages and generates an index which users can search in order to create a list of links to pages

54
Q

WEP

A

Wireless Encryption Protocol

prevent hackers from snooping on wireless data as it is transmitted

55
Q

World Wide Web

A

internet’s information retrieval service

Computer Science A-Level (18 decks)

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