Principles of Programming Flashcards
Addressing
refers to assigning/retrieving data from memory locations
Direct Addressing
tells CPU the addressing that contains necessary data, limiting the amount of addressable memory
Immediate Addressing
value to be loaded is included as part of the instruction, not in memory
Indexed Addressing
address is accessed and modified by addition to numbers in the index together, increasing the amount of addressable memory
Indirect Addressing
contains address that contains the address where memory is stored, allowing easy relocation
Assembler
translates assembly code into machine code
Assembly Language
a low-level, second-generation programming language designed for a specific type of processor that can be converted to machine code using an assembler, written in mnemonic codes
Comments in Assembly Language
help people understand the code
Labels in Assembly Language
highest item, identifies sections of code
Operands in Assembly Language
what the command will be carried out on
Operations in Assembly Language
command to be carried out
Attribute
data in an object
Backus-Naur Form
used by the developers of programming languages to specify the syntax rules of a language
Class
a template used to create objects of that class
Conjunction
here digits are anded
CSS
Cascading Style Sheets
designs the website’s visual style
De Facto Standard
a standard that has no formal approval, but is generally done
Derived Class
specialised class based on a superclass with attributes and methods, inheriting all the attitudes and methods of the superclass
Disjunction
where digits are or’d
Dynamic Typing
there is no need to specify variable types
Encapsulation
hiding attributes and objects so they can only be accessed or changed using methods defined for the class, therefore maintaining data integrity and avoiding errors
Event
signal generated by an external action, eg mouse movement/keystroke to the program so it can respond to events by event handling
Event-Driven Programming
consists of a series of event handlers that runs relevant code when an event occurs
Event Handling
subroutines that respond to an event
Explicit Data Types
the opposite of dynamic typing
HTML
Hypertext Markup Language
specifies the layout of the webpage
Indentation Based Syntax
where no curly brackets or semi-colons are used, only indentation
JavaScript
processes user input to make webpages responsive to the user
Listeners
subroutines that respond to an event
Machine Code
code that the computer can understand, made up of 1s and 0s, processed by the CPU and often presented to users as hexadecimal
Machine and O/S Independent
the programming language will work on many different machines and operating systems
Mark-Up Languages
plaintext that is marked up to indicate layout and formatting with tags
Metatags
mark the beginning and end of each section of the document which are not case sensitive
Methods
procedures and functions acted out on data
Object
a real-world entity about which data is stored, a specific instance of class, made up of attributes and methods
Object-Oriented Program
programming based on the concept of objects, which can contain data and code
Opcode
specifies the operation to be performed
Arithmetic Opcode
maths stuff, such as adding, subtracting or overflows
Branching Opcode
allows jumping between parts of the code
Conditional Jump
happens if a condition is met
Unconditional Jump
jump always happens
Data Transfer Opcode
used to move/store/load data between registers and main memory
Logical Shift Opcode
carried out logical operations, eg binary masks
Polymorphism
the ability of a derived class to change/redefine methods inherited from the superclass
Problem Oriented
where a programming language is developed specifically to solve a problem
Procedural Generation
technique used in gaming to create backgrounds
Procedural Programming
paradigm that relies on procedures and subroutines to form tasks, using control flow statements, variables, modularisation, machine and O/S independent, high-level and use top-down development
Standardisation
the process of developing and promoting standards
Standard Library
collection of pre-written code that can be imported with the program
Syntax Diagram
represent BNF in a more accessible manner
Tags
use chevron brackets with a keyword, usually come in pairs to indicate the start and end
Top-Down Development
where the program is broken down into smaller problems and is repeated until each problem is small enough to deal with, so each piece of the problem will need a separate subroutine
Visual Programming
uses graphical blocks that click together, colour coding, group of related functions and drag and drop, so there is no need to remember syntax and the focus can be on solving the problem, but I has a reduced instruction set, limited access to OS and doesn’t allow file handling
Website
use hyper-linked pages and can contain different types of information including images, texts and multimedia, hosted by the internet
XML
Extensible Markup Language
a markup language that is commonly used in web applications, used to structure and markup data for storage rather than display, acting like a database
