Sodium Flashcards
Basic Function of Sodium (5)
Extracellular excitation control water muscle function CNS (nerve impulses) Three B's: BP, Blood volume, and Blood's pH balance
Causes of Hypernatremia (11)
Hyperaldosteronism kidney problems corticosteroids Cushing syndrome NPO fever hyperventilation infection sweating diarrhea, dehydration
Serum sodium balance regulated by…
kidney.
Types of hyponatremia…
Hypovolemic: loss of fluid and sodium together
Hypervolemic : increase in both sodium and electrolytes (High fluid and low salt)
Causes of Hyponatremia
sweating, diuretics, wound drainage, kidney problems, hyperglycemia, decreased aldosterone, hyperlipidemia, NPO, hypotonic fluids, heart failure, low salt diet
S&S of Hyponatremia (depressed and deflated)
SALT LOSS
S PO
Seizures (LATE), Stupor, and Coma (LATE)
A PO
Abdominal Cramping (N/V, Diarrhea) and Attitude Changes (Confusion/Change in LOC)
L PO
generaL! muscle weakness, especially in arms/legs
T PO (4)
Tendon Reflexes diminished, Trouble Concentrating, Tachycardia (Weak, Rapid, Thready Pulse) BP goes DOWN
L PO
Loss of urine and appetite
O PO
Orthostatic hypotension, overactive bowel sounds
S PO
Shallow respirations
S PO
Spasms of muscles
Fluid restrictions for…
hyponatremia
“Where sodium goes…
water follows.”
Foods high in sodium include…
processed, smoked, pickled, preserved foods and snacks, condiments.
Foods low in sodium include…
fresh fish, poultry, fruits and veggies.
Interventions for hyponatremia…(4)
reduce drug therapy like diuretics,
give 3% saline via IV,
if from fluid excess use drugs that pull water off like conivaptan or tolvaptan,
educate on oral salt intake and restriction of water
Hypernatremia S&S (16)
BIG AND BLOATED
Altered cerebral function (short attention span, confusion, agitated)
Muscle twitching, decreased DTR’s
Decreased contractility, increased pulse rate, hypotension and severe orthostatic hypotension
red and rosy face, edema, low-grade fever, LATE SIGNS: swollen dry tongue, nausea and vomiting, increased muscle tone
Interventions for hypernatremia…
IV fluids (isotonic saline 0.9% and dextrose 5% in 0.45% sodium chloride) For reduced kidney function use diuretics that promote sodium loss like furosemide. Adequate water intake, and how to calculate salt in foods, and what foods to avoid.
