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Fluids and Electrolytes > Sodium > Flashcards

Sodium Flashcards

1
Q

where is sodium mostly located?

A

extracellular

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2
Q

what is one of the most important thing sodium does?

A

attracts fluid

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3
Q

what are some other thing sodium does?

A

transmit impulses in nerve and muscle fibers

combines with chloride and bicarbonate tor regulate acid-base balance

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4
Q

what is the normal range of sodium?

A

135- 145

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5
Q

more sodium taken in =

A

more sodium excrete through kidneys

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6
Q

if sodium intake is increased what else is?

A

extracellular fluid

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7
Q

what does ADH do?

A

cause kidneys to retain water –> diluting blood

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8
Q

what is excreted when sodium increase?

A

ADH

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9
Q

what is hypovolemic hyponatremia?

A

both sodium and water lever decrease in extracellular area

*Sodium loss > water loss

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10
Q

what are some non renal causes of hypovolemic hyponatremia?

A 
vomit
diarrhea
fistulas
gastric suctioning
excessive sweating
cystic fibrosis
burns/wounds
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11
Q

what are some renal causes of hypovolemic hyponatremia?

A

osmotic diuresis
salt-losing nephritis
adrenal insufficiency
diuretic uses

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12
Q

what is sugnificant about diuretics being used?

A

it can cause potassium loss which lead to sodium loss

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13
Q

what is hypervolemic hyponatemia?

A

water and sodium increase in the extracellular area (Na levels diluted)
Water gain > sodium

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14
Q

what are some common causes of hypervolemic hyponateremia?

A 
Heart failure
Liver failure
Nephrotic syndrome
Excessive hypotonic IV fluids
Hyperaldosteronism
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15
Q

what is isotonic hyponatremia?

A

sodium levels appear low because too much fluid is in the body.

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16
Q

what are some causes of isotonic hyponatremia?

A

glucocorticoid deficency
hypothyroidism
renal failure
SIADH

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17
Q

what is SIADH?

A

sydrome of inappropriate antidiuretic horomone cause excessive release of ADH –> excessive water retention

18
Q

What does SIADH occur with?

A

cancer
CNS disorders
Pulmonary disorders
medications

19
Q

what are some treatments for hyponatremia?

A

fluid restiriction
high-sodium diet

SEVERE: hypertonic IV solution

20
Q

what are some thing you look for in a person with hyponatremia?

A

N/V
anorexia
neurological symptoms

21
Q

what are some thing that effect what to look for in hyponatremia?

A

how fast the levels dropped

22
Q

what are some neurological signs to look for in hyponatremia?

A 
headach
irritability
dioriented
twitching
tremors
weakness 
change in LOC
23
Q

if severe hyponatremia what do you look for?

A 
stupor
delirium 
psychosis
ataxia
coma
24
Q

what does low hyporvolemic hyponatremia show?

A 
poor skin turgor
dry cracked mucus membranes
weak rapid pulses
low B/P
orthostatic hypotension
CVP, PAP, and PAWP may decrease
25
Q

what does hypervolemic hyponatremia show?

A 
edema
hypertension
weight gain
rapid bounding pulse
CVP, PAP, PAWP elevate
26
Q

what are some common diagnosis test with hyponatremia?

A

serum osmolarity < 280
serum Na less than 135
urine specific gravity < 1.010
elevated hematocrit and plasma protein

27
Q

if a person is severe hyponatremia what do you do/look for?

A

hypertonic solution (infuse very slow and small volume)
monitor carefully for circulatory overload
worsening neurological status

28
Q

nursing intervention for hyponatremia is?

A 
VS 
neurological status
daily weight 
skin turgor
diagnostic tests often
post sign of fluid restriction
oral supplements
IV treatment
safe environment
29
Q

what is the defense mechanism to hypernatremia?

A

hypothalmus –> thirst

30
Q

who are more likely to experiance hypernatremia?

A

elderly patients, immobile patients, or unconscious patients and hypothalmas disorders
some athelets and infants too

31
Q

what is hypernatremia?

A

excess sodium relative to water in the body

32
Q

what some common sensible causes of hypernatremia?

A

vomiting

diarrhea

33
Q

what are some insensible causes that relate to hypernatremia?

A

pulmonary infections
fever
heat stroke

34
Q

what are some disease that increase risk of hypernatremia?

A

hyperosmolar
hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome
diabetes (from lack of ADH)

35
Q

what do you look for in hypernatremia?

A 
N/V
restlessness 
agitation 
anorexia 
weakness 
lethargy
confusion
stupor 
seizure
coma
low fever
flushed skin
elevated B/P
bouning pulse
dyspnea
36
Q

what are some neromuscular signsa?

A

twitching
hyperreflexia
ataxia
tremors

37
Q

what are some diagnotic test done associataed with hypernatremia?

A

serum sodium >145
urine specific gravity > 1.030
serum osmolality > 300

38
Q

how do you treat hypernatremia?

A

oral replacement for water

IV fluids gradually over 48 hour

39
Q

what are some nursing interventions with hypernatremia?

A 
VS 
replacement --> response
watch for cerebra edema and neurological change
I&O
daily weight
assess skin --> breakdown, infection, & persiration
oral hygeines
safety
40
Q

what foods are high in sodium?

A 
canned soups and vegtables
cheese
ketchup
processed meats
table salts
salty snacks
seafood

Fluids and Electrolytes (6 decks)

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