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Nutrition and Health final > Sodium > Flashcards

Sodium Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of water (6)

A
  • nutrient absorption and transport
  • metabolic reactions
  • solvent
  • lubricant
  • temp regulation
  • extraction of waste
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2
Q

intake recs of water
- mL/kcal
- men vs women
- increase intake for (2)

A

1-1.5 mL/kcal
- women: 2.7L
- men: 3.7L
- pregnant/lactating women + diarrhea/vomiting

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3
Q

Thirst = body’s reaction to ___________
- signal from ?
- if you feel it, you’re already ___________

A
  • dehydration
  • hypothalamus
  • dehydrated
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4
Q

Water balance:
- comes out from (4)
- comes in from (3)
- around how much volume?

A

Output:
- Kidney/urine
- skin, sweat
- lungs
- feces
Input:
- food
- liquid
- metabolic (rxns create water)
2500 mL

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5
Q

What happens if you have too much water? (2)

A

Edema + hyponatremia

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6
Q

Electrolytes function (4)

A
  • fluid balance
  • acid/base balance
  • muscle contraction
  • conduction of nerve impulses/nerve cell communication
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7
Q

Sodium
- inside/outside cell?
- function through Na/K ATPase pump (2)
- function in food (5)

A
  • outside!
  • blood volume and blood pressure
  • microbial preservation + texture + color + flavor + control fermentation in cheese and bread
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8
Q

Potassium
- inside/outside cell?
- high blood concentration –> ? –> linked to ?
- deficiency from (2)

A
  • inside!
  • disrupts muscle/nerve signaling –> heart failure + diseases
  • diuretics (meds for hypertension) and diarrhea/vomiting
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9
Q

How much fluid goes through GI tract per day (secretion and reabsorption?

A

10 L

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10
Q

Hormones in kidney regulate (2) excretion

A

water and sodium

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11
Q

Nephron:
capillaries –> ? –> ?
what we need goes back in ? and waste goes to ?

A
  • capillaries –> glomerulus –> tubule
  • blood
  • bladder –> urine
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12
Q

Why are diabetic people more prone to lose water?

A

because high glucose concentration in cell –> body gets rid –> water attracted to glucose

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13
Q

Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
- if blood pressure drops OR blood pressure too high = ?
- what 2 organs?
- first one: releases ? –> initiates activation of A to B
- B does 2 things:
1) signals (gland) to secrete ?
2) causes ? –> leads to secretion of ?
- 2nd organ: ? responds to high ? concentration in blood by stimulating C
- C releases ?
- finally (2)

A
  • reduced blood flow
  • kidney and brain
  • renin –> angiotensinogen to angiotensin
    1) adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone
    2) blood vessels to constrict = raises pressure –> leads to secretion of antidiuretic hormone
  • hypothalamus responds to high salt concentration –> stimulates pituitary gland
  • releases antidiuretic hormone
  • aldosterone and ADH signal kidney to retain sodium and water = increase blood volume
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14
Q

What ventricule is measured for blood pressure?

A

Left!

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15
Q

Systolic vs diastolic?
- good number?
- which is more grave if elevated?

A

systolic: contraction
diastolic: relax
120/80 mm Hg
- systolic

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16
Q

High ? intake linked to hypertension

A

salt

17
Q

hypertension and CVD linked with (2)

A

heart attack and stroke

18
Q

Risk factors for hypertension:
- modifiable (6)
- fixed: (5)
- disease that increase risk (5)

A

modifiable:
- smoking + second hand smoke + increase weight + low activity + stress + unhealthy diet
fixed:
- men + genetics + age + ethnicity + family history
diseases:
- heart disease (dyslipidemia) + diabetes + obesity + kidney disease + sleep apnea

19
Q

Treatments for hypertension (5)

A
  • decrease sodium intake (DASH)
  • physical activity: promotes vasodilation + relaxed vasculature
  • weight control, decrease adiposity
  • stress management (cortisol can stimulate RAAs)
  • medications: diuretics + ACE inhibitors
20
Q

High blood pressure = risk factor for atherosclerosis
why?

A
  • damages arteries –> more vulnerable to oxidation of lipids –> dev. of plaque + hardening of arteries
21
Q

High blood pressure can lead to (4)

A

heart attack + stroke/memory loss + impaired vision + kidney damage

22
Q

DASH diet –> stands for?
- Rich in ? –> why? (3)
- fat = __% cals
- emphasize ? sources
- provides more (4) which lowers blood pressure
- provides less (3)
- strong evidence to reduce (2) because lowers ? via (2)

A

Dietary approaches to stop hypertension
- fruits and veg –> high in potassium –> can regulate sodium levels in blood and prevent pituitary gland response (ADH)
- 30%
- plant-based
- fiber, potassium, magnesium, calcium
- red meat, sweet foods, beverages
- CVD and hypertension because lowers blood cholesterol via fiber and plant-proteins

23
Q

Sodium:
AI?
CDRR?
most people consume?
- what foods contribute to 75% of intake? VS 10%

A
  • 1500 mg/day
  • 2300 mg/day
  • a lot more than 2300
  • processed foods and fast foods (bread, soups, veg juice) vs 10% from table salt
24
Q

Potassium:
AI?
UL?
most people consume ?

A
  • 4700 mg/day
  • None
  • 50% of AI
25
Q

___% of canada population has hypertension (half prehypertensive)

A

40

26
Q

benefits of reducing sodium intake (from prof’s story) (2)

A

cost effective + efficient way to decrease risk of CVD and stroke

27
Q

Sodium story; no mandatory law –> instead (3)

A
  • voluntary reductions by industry
  • consumer education (eat more f & v)
  • change nutrition fact table/% daily value to AI, not CDRR

Nutrition and Health final (9 decks)

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