Sodium Flashcards
Functions of water (6)
- nutrient absorption and transport
- metabolic reactions
- solvent
- lubricant
- temp regulation
- extraction of waste
intake recs of water
- mL/kcal
- men vs women
- increase intake for (2)
1-1.5 mL/kcal
- women: 2.7L
- men: 3.7L
- pregnant/lactating women + diarrhea/vomiting
Thirst = body’s reaction to ___________
- signal from ?
- if you feel it, you’re already ___________
- dehydration
- hypothalamus
- dehydrated
Water balance:
- comes out from (4)
- comes in from (3)
- around how much volume?
Output:
- Kidney/urine
- skin, sweat
- lungs
- feces
Input:
- food
- liquid
- metabolic (rxns create water)
2500 mL
What happens if you have too much water? (2)
Edema + hyponatremia
Electrolytes function (4)
- fluid balance
- acid/base balance
- muscle contraction
- conduction of nerve impulses/nerve cell communication
Sodium
- inside/outside cell?
- function through Na/K ATPase pump (2)
- function in food (5)
- outside!
- blood volume and blood pressure
- microbial preservation + texture + color + flavor + control fermentation in cheese and bread
Potassium
- inside/outside cell?
- high blood concentration –> ? –> linked to ?
- deficiency from (2)
- inside!
- disrupts muscle/nerve signaling –> heart failure + diseases
- diuretics (meds for hypertension) and diarrhea/vomiting
How much fluid goes through GI tract per day (secretion and reabsorption?
10 L
Hormones in kidney regulate (2) excretion
water and sodium
Nephron:
capillaries –> ? –> ?
what we need goes back in ? and waste goes to ?
- capillaries –> glomerulus –> tubule
- blood
- bladder –> urine
Why are diabetic people more prone to lose water?
because high glucose concentration in cell –> body gets rid –> water attracted to glucose
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
- if blood pressure drops OR blood pressure too high = ?
- what 2 organs?
- first one: releases ? –> initiates activation of A to B
- B does 2 things:
1) signals (gland) to secrete ?
2) causes ? –> leads to secretion of ?
- 2nd organ: ? responds to high ? concentration in blood by stimulating C
- C releases ?
- finally (2)
- reduced blood flow
- kidney and brain
- renin –> angiotensinogen to angiotensin
1) adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone
2) blood vessels to constrict = raises pressure –> leads to secretion of antidiuretic hormone - hypothalamus responds to high salt concentration –> stimulates pituitary gland
- releases antidiuretic hormone
- aldosterone and ADH signal kidney to retain sodium and water = increase blood volume
What ventricule is measured for blood pressure?
Left!
Systolic vs diastolic?
- good number?
- which is more grave if elevated?
systolic: contraction
diastolic: relax
120/80 mm Hg
- systolic
High ? intake linked to hypertension
salt
hypertension and CVD linked with (2)
heart attack and stroke
Risk factors for hypertension:
- modifiable (6)
- fixed: (5)
- disease that increase risk (5)
modifiable:
- smoking + second hand smoke + increase weight + low activity + stress + unhealthy diet
fixed:
- men + genetics + age + ethnicity + family history
diseases:
- heart disease (dyslipidemia) + diabetes + obesity + kidney disease + sleep apnea
Treatments for hypertension (5)
- decrease sodium intake (DASH)
- physical activity: promotes vasodilation + relaxed vasculature
- weight control, decrease adiposity
- stress management (cortisol can stimulate RAAs)
- medications: diuretics + ACE inhibitors
High blood pressure = risk factor for atherosclerosis
why?
- damages arteries –> more vulnerable to oxidation of lipids –> dev. of plaque + hardening of arteries
High blood pressure can lead to (4)
heart attack + stroke/memory loss + impaired vision + kidney damage
DASH diet –> stands for?
- Rich in ? –> why? (3)
- fat = __% cals
- emphasize ? sources
- provides more (4) which lowers blood pressure
- provides less (3)
- strong evidence to reduce (2) because lowers ? via (2)
Dietary approaches to stop hypertension
- fruits and veg –> high in potassium –> can regulate sodium levels in blood and prevent pituitary gland response (ADH)
- 30%
- plant-based
- fiber, potassium, magnesium, calcium
- red meat, sweet foods, beverages
- CVD and hypertension because lowers blood cholesterol via fiber and plant-proteins
Sodium:
AI?
CDRR?
most people consume?
- what foods contribute to 75% of intake? VS 10%
- 1500 mg/day
- 2300 mg/day
- a lot more than 2300
- processed foods and fast foods (bread, soups, veg juice) vs 10% from table salt
Potassium:
AI?
UL?
most people consume ?
- 4700 mg/day
- None
- 50% of AI
___% of canada population has hypertension (half prehypertensive)
40
benefits of reducing sodium intake (from prof’s story) (2)
cost effective + efficient way to decrease risk of CVD and stroke
Sodium story; no mandatory law –> instead (3)
- voluntary reductions by industry
- consumer education (eat more f & v)
- change nutrition fact table/% daily value to AI, not CDRR
