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Nutrition and Health final > Childhood Growth > Flashcards

Childhood Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Breastfeeding (even just for a few days) will reduce risk of (3) because of ?

A
  1. overweight/obesity
  2. T1 diabetes
  3. asthma
    - immune properties of milk
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2
Q

Complementary foods and beverages (CFBs) should NOT be introduced before __ months –> between __-__ months is accepted but no benefits/dangers shown from __-__ months compared to __ months.

A
  • before 4 months
  • betwee 4-5 months accepted vs 6 months
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3
Q

CFBs should be rich in (3). why?

A

iron, vit C and zinc
- iron and zinc stores depleted after 6 months –> no iron in breast milk
- vit C helps with iron absorption

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4
Q

Preventing allergies:
before: ?
now: ?

A

before: wait around 1 year for GI to be mature enough
VS now: introduce peanut and egg after 6 months may reduce risk of allergy

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5
Q

food allergies affect __-__% of < 4 y-o

A

6-8%

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6
Q

How to food protein elicit immunological response?

A

antigen = lock = protein from food –> recognized as harmful substance by immune system
- antibody = key

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7
Q

studies show that increasing peanut dose of peanut to child who is allergic will ?

A

build up tolerance and make response less threatening

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8
Q

anaphylactic shock? how to treat?

A
  • decrease blood pressure + vasodilatation + trouble breathing
  • administer epinephrine to increase blood pressure + medical help
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9
Q

Most serious allergies

A

soybeans, milk, eggs, wheat, fish

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10
Q

Food intolerances –> Produces ___________ but no ____________ –> not an ________________
common symptoms?

A

produces symptoms (can be anaphylaxis) but no antibodies –> not an immune reaction
- stomachaches, headaches, rapid HR, nausea, wheezing, coughing, hives

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11
Q

Public health strategy for allergies/food intolerances?

A

food labeling!

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12
Q

Signs of readiness for infant’s first food (3)

A
  • able to site with support
  • can control head/neck movement –> prevents chocking
  • infant is 4-6 months old
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13
Q

At 6 months, 3 things that allows infant to start eating food

A
  • better swallowing mechanism and gag reflex
  • kidney more mature to process waste
  • iron stores depleted = need to start eating food
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14
Q

Infant’s first solid foods –> start with ______ rich foods, then give _________
Tips (2)

A

iron rich foods
- fruits and veggies (pureed)
1. introduce one food at a time to check allergy
2. no sugar/salt added: natural taste of food

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15
Q

when to begin giving textured f and v vs bread/cereals to infants?

A

f and v –> 6-8 months
- bread/cereal: 8-10 months

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16
Q

Infant feeding:
- avoid (4)
- encourage (4)

A

avoid:
- sweets, bottle at bedtime, force feeding, chocking hazards
encourage
- self-feed (baby led weaning), cut food in thin strips (not circles), try new foods, stress-free environment

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17
Q

What shape should food be for infants? why?

A

long and rectangular, easier to grasp
VS circular and hard –> can get stuck in esophagus

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18
Q

Why avoid honey until _ year old?

A

risk of botulism –> below 1 y-o can’t metabolize toxins from spores –> causes paralysis and death

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19
Q

Why should we limit sugar and sugary bev in kids foods? (3)

A
  • leaves less room for E from nutrition foods
  • related to risk of overweight/obesity
  • may set stage for greater intake of sugar later in life
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20
Q

Baby-led weaning (around - months) promotes (3)

A
  • hand-eye coordination
  • self regulation (eat what they want, how much they want)
  • independance
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21
Q

which milks should be avoided before 2 year old? why?
- if child is allergic to milk, what to do?

A

skim, partially skimmed (1-2%) or fortified soy beverage
- less fat, less calcium
- if child allergic to cow milk, stay on formula

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22
Q

Better to switch to lower fat once child is 2 years old?

A
  • higher fat milk for longer = decrease risk obesity
  • but might be that skinny children are fed whole milk to fatten them up
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23
Q

age 1 or age 2 deposits more fat than lean tissue? what about the other one?

A

age 1: more fat than lean
age 2 (toddler); more lean than fat

24
Q

Energy:
- newborn baby
- infant
- adult
- 1 year old
- 6 y-o
- 10 y-o

A
  • newborn baby: 450 kcal/day
  • infant: 110 kcal/kg bc growing fast
  • adult: 30-40 kcal/kg (2000 kcal for 150lbs)
  • 1: 800 kcal
  • 6: 1600 kcal
  • 10: 2000 kcal
25
Q

Carb and fibers needs in infants/kids? + benefits
fiber recs for men and women adults?

A
  • 130g CHO/day –> do not restrict! important for brain dev
  • Fiber: 19g (1-3 years) and 25g (4-8 y-o) –> promotes bowel mvt
  • women: 25g vs men: 38g
26
Q

Fat recs for kids: AMDR
- 1-3 y-o:
- 4-18 y-o:
- adults:
- higher fat = ?

A
  • 1-3 y-o: 30-40%
  • 4-18 y-o: 25-35%
  • adults: 20-35%
  • better brain development
27
Q

Length vs height

A

length: <2y-o
height: 2-18 y-o

28
Q

child aged 2-5: percentile
- risk of underweight
- healthy weight
- risk of overweight
- overweight
- obese

A
  • <3rd
  • 3-85th percentile
  • 85-97
  • 97-99
  • > 99
29
Q

What to do if aged 2-5 is obese? (3)

A
  • prevent further weight gain
  • don’t want to restrict cals bc of loss of nutrients
  • let them grow taller + exercise
30
Q

child aged 5-19: percentile
- risk of underweight
- healthy weight
- overweight
- obese
- severely obese

A
  • <3rd
  • 3-85th percentile
  • 85-97
  • 97-99
  • > 99
31
Q

Difference between 2-5 and 5-19 BMI percentile cut-offs?

A

2-5: may grow taller all of a sudden, hard to classify strict cut off
- older: more clear cut-offs

32
Q

What deficiency in children can cause misbehavior and impair thinking? why?

A

Iron deficiency
- lack of iron reduces energy + affects behaviour, mood, attention span and learning ability

33
Q

Most widespread nutrition problem in children? high income vs low income?

A

Iron deficiency
- high income: picky eaters
- low income: lack of access

34
Q

Give iron supplements to children?

A

be very careful! prescription only
- iron toxicity = leading cause each year in toddlers/children who accidently ingest iron pills

35
Q

How to prevent iron deficiency in kids?

A

7-10mg iron per day
- get from food! pasta, fortified cereals/grains, mushroom, plums, dried peaches

36
Q

Consequences of increased screen time for children? (5) –> cycle ish

A

increase screen time = reduces metabolic rate –> become more sedentary –> uses up time that could be spent being active + increase btw-meal snacking –> least likely to eat f & v –> likely to become obese

37
Q

General dietary/setting recs for children (5)
+ focus on

A
  • variety of foods
  • limit sat. fat, sugar, juice
  • drink water
  • family meals
  • encourage fun moments
    focus on
  • moderation!
  • balanced meals and snacks
  • healthy eating environment
38
Q

Guidelines for how children should spend their times:
sleep, step, sweat, sit

A
  • Sleep: 9-11 hours (5-13) vs 8-10h (14-17) + consistent bed and wake-up times
  • Step: light physical activity –> several hours of structure and unstructured
  • sweat: moderate to vig PA –> at least 60min/day + muscle and bone strenghtening >3 days per week
  • sit: no more than 2 hours per day
39
Q

One of leading causes of child mortality? mainly where? (4)

A

undernutrition
- Africa, India, south America, Asia

40
Q

WHO definition of malnutrition: wasting vs overweight

A
  • < -2 SD from median of child growth standard under 5 = wasting
  • > +2 SD from median = overweight
41
Q

Severe acute malnutrition cut off/severe wasting –> how many SD from median? Why did WHO make this cut-off?

A

(-3)
- because less than 1% of children below -3SD in well-nourished populations

42
Q

Causes of death associated with severe wasting
- common theme?

A

neonatal, pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, measles, HIV/AIDS, injuries, others
- infections!

43
Q

Wasting definition?

A

causing someone to become weaker and emaciated

44
Q

Acute vs long term Protein Energy undernutrition (2 each)

A

Acute:
- wasting
- low weight for height
Chronic:
- stunting –> compromised growth and height
- low weight for age and low height for age

45
Q

Classifying PEU:
- primary: what? caused by (6)
vs - secondary: what? consequences (4)

A

Primary:
- malnutrition due to inadequate intake –> undernutrition
- poverty + low food supply + poor quality of food + armed conflicts + political turbulence + natural disasters
Secondary:
- malnutrition due to diseased state
- affects appetite/metabolism + decreased intake/absorption + increased losses + increased requirement

46
Q

Marasmus:
- what? –> they can grow, but (3)
- how old?
- Deficiency of ?
- develops fast or slow?
- < ____% of typical weight for age
- weight loss? + wasting?
- appearance?
- appetite?
- mental/behaviour symptom

A
  • “successful” adaption to PEM –> they can grow but compromised growth, health impact and can die
  • infants < 2y-o
  • deficiency of macros and energy –> leads to micronutrient deficiency
  • slow
  • 60%
  • severe weight loss and muscle wasting, including heart
  • skin and bones appearance
  • good appetite is possible, when food is available
  • anxiety and apathy, nervous and agitated
47
Q

Kwashiorkor:
- what?
- presents with ____________ beyond physical impact
- how old?
- causes (1 OR 1)
- develops slow or fast?
- ___-___% of average weight for age
- appetite? why?
- appearance?
- 2 physiological consequences + explanation

A
  • “unsuccessful” adaptation to PEU
  • with additional health issues beyond physical impact
  • 1-3 y-o, when child is weaning from breast feeding
  • protein deficiency OR infection
  • rapid onset
  • 60-80%
  • loss of appetite bc fluid retention
  • not skin and bones –> some muscle wasting + fat retention
  • edema (fluid retention which makes them look not wasted) + fatty liver (high levels of glycaemia in blood leads to fat accumulation + low level of prots = impacts ability to transport lipids to other parts of system (lipoproteins)
48
Q

Edema
- process?
- usually where?
- when pressure is applied… ?

A
  • plasma proteins leave leaky blood vessels and move into tissues –> protein attracts water, causes swelling
  • lower part of body
  • leaves an indentation –> not elastic, doesn’t bounce back
49
Q

Compromised growth from PEU will lead to decrease of (4)

A
  • development (physical, social, cognitive)
  • adult productivity
  • reproduction
  • potential of society as a whole
50
Q

Long term consequences from PEU = infections ish –> 4 + common infections

A
  • fever (lack of antibodies)
  • anemia (hemoglobin no longer synthesized in same extent)
  • dysentery (infection of GI tract –> diarrhea –> decrease electrolytes and hydration)
  • fluid imbalances
  • common infections: pneumonia, urinary tract infections, measles, tuberculosis, parasitic infections
51
Q

Rehab for SAM/PEU/undernutrition (4)

A
  • primary approach = restore fluid and electrolyte imbalances
  • nutrition intervention –> cautious to ensure good metabolic adaptation
  • treat infections
  • programs have to involve local people
52
Q

Downward spiral of malnutrition (6)

A

malnutrition and stress (infection, disease, other illness) –> altered metabolism + loss of appetite –> impaired nutrition status –> weakened immunity –> worsened disease –> further deterioration of nutrition status

53
Q

Double burden of malnutrition in countries that are __________ like _________ –> what happens there?

A

socioeconomically transitioning like Indonesia
- decrease undernutrition BUT increase overnutrition

54
Q

Undernutrition –> increase risk of (2)
Overnutrition –> increase risk of ?

A
  • child mortality and poor development
  • chronic disease
55
Q

Food security definition

A

exists when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to maintain healthy and active life

56
Q

Poverty and obesity paradox:
poverty –> leads to 2 things –> schéma

A

poverty can lead to hunger –> inadequate intake of E, prots, vit, minerals –> malnutrition
- poverty can lead to food insecurity –> inadequate intake of E, prots, vit, minerals –> malnutrition
OR insecurity –> excessive intake of E, fat and sugar –> obesity

Nutrition and Health final (9 decks)

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