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Nutrition and Health final > Pregnancy and lactation > Flashcards

Pregnancy and lactation Flashcards

1
Q

Before pregnancy, both men and women should (6)

A
  • maintain healthy body weight (BMI)
  • adequate and balanced diet
  • be physically active
  • regular medical care
  • manage chronic conditions
  • avoid harmful influences
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2
Q

Trimester 1, 2, 3

A

1: 12 weeks or less (first 3 months)
2: 13-28 weeks (about 3 months)
3. 28 to delivery (about 3 months)

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3
Q

Preterm baby vs at term baby vs full term

A

preterm: 10-36 weeks (>30 weeks = better chances of survival)
- at term: >37 weeks
- 40 weeks = full term (9 months)

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4
Q

Fetus entirely dependent on mother’s (2) systems to (2)

A

respiratory and excretion –> get nutrients + get rid of waste

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5
Q

Placenta
- metabolically ?
- what is it?
- connected to baby via ?
- function (2)

A
  • metabolically active
  • a new organ
  • connected to baby via umbilical cord
  • supply nutrients and waste-removal system through mother’s blood + produces hormones that maintain pregnancy and get mother’s body ready for lactation
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6
Q

Does mother’s blood mix with baby’s blood? how does it work?

A

No. maternal blood vessels lie side by side fetal blood vessels –> exchange of O2, nutrients (glucose, aa, FA), and waste products

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7
Q

Poor maternal health will impact (which organ) –> impacts ? (2)

A

impacts placenta –> impacts babies’ health and generations to come

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8
Q

Stages of embryonic and fetal development:
- 1 week (3)
- 5 weeks (3)
- 8 weeks (1)
- 11 weeks (3)
- 9 months (1)

A
  • 1 week: zygote, cells divide and become a blastocyst ready for implantation
  • 5 weeks: placenta develops after implantation –> embryo, heart starts to form
  • 8 weeks: heart beats
  • 11 weeks: fetus = viable, living entity, over an inch long
  • 9 months: new born infant
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9
Q

Times of intense development and rapid cell division –> when?

A

Critical periods of development
- first 2 months, up to 12 weeks

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10
Q

Full recovery possible if adverse effect during critical period? ex. VS non-critical period
- examples of adverse stimulus

A

No! neural tube defect –> folate deficiency at 17-30 days of gestation
- non-critical period: continued development, some damage but can be recovered
- alcohol, drugs, nutrient deficiency

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11
Q

Neural tube defect: anencephaly VS spina bifida VS encephalocoele

A
  • anencephaly: brain either missing or fails to develop
  • spina bifida: incomplete closure of spinal cord + bony encasement –> may be born but malformation and issues
  • ancephalocoele: brain and skull malformed
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12
Q

Public health strategy to decrease neural tube defect?

A

fortification of wheat products

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13
Q

Folate recs for pregnancy
natural vs supplemental form?

A
  • 400mg of folate/day 1 month before starting to conceive + continue throughout first trimester
  • natural = folate
  • supplemental = folic acid
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14
Q

Increased energy needs for pregnant women:
- 1st trimester
- 2nd:
- 3rd:

A
  • 1st trimester: no additional energy required
  • 2nd: 340 extra cals/days
  • 3rd: 450 extra cals/day
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15
Q

how much carbs per day for pregnant women? why?

A
  • 175g or more/day. no less than 135g
  • fetus needs glucose to grow (brain)
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16
Q

Protein recs for pregnant women?

A

increase by 25g/day

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17
Q

Fat recs for pregnant women? how to meet? be mindful of what?

A
  • no recs for overall fat
  • brain needs w3 and w6 FA –> around 200mg DHA/day
  • 5 ox fish per week
  • mindful of mercury form big fish
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18
Q

Calcium recs for pregnant women
- absorption
- met with
- how?

A

same DRI but more absorption because pregnant (absorption doubles because of bone and teeth formation)
- should be met with calcium rich foods
- small and frequent intakes

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19
Q

Iron recs for pregnant women
- DRI
- absorption
- fetus

A
  • DRI higher –> mostly met through prenatal supplements
  • absorption triples during pregnancy. best absorbed taken btw meals or at bedtime
  • iron needs of fetus takes priority
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20
Q

What should pregnant women NOT supplement with?

A

vitamine A –> teratogenic

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21
Q

Factors placing pregnant women at health risk (9)

A
  • young women
  • too old
  • pregnant with multiples
  • many previous pregnancies
  • history of poor outcomes
  • chronic disease
  • too low/high weight gain during pregnancy
  • socio economic factors
  • smoking/tobacco
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22
Q

older women + older men –> why risk for pregnancy?
- how to test?

A
  • women: complication from chronic disease, maternal death rates higher, risk of preterm birth + LBW
  • men: more risk of preterm birth (quality of sperm)
  • genetic testing –> amniocentesis = screening test –> amniotic fluid –> test for mutations
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23
Q

why smoking bad for pregnant women? (4)

A
  • restricts blood supply to fetus
  • interfere with lung growth, increase respiratory infections, asthma
  • might increase risk sudden infant death syndrome
  • reduced infant brain size
24
Q

Use of illicit drugs effect on pregnant women. (3)

A

cross placenta, toxic, complications of use

25
Q

Food safety/disease concern during pregnancy
- what?
- how affects mom and infant
- protection?

A

Listeriosis –> intestinal infection from listeria
- vomiting, diarrhea for mom
- can cause severe brain or infection in infant
- avoid soft cheeses, use pasteurized products, thoroughly cooked meat, no smoked meats

26
Q

Why alcohol bad for pregnant women? (6) effects on fetus

A
  • crosses placenta, directly toxic to fetus
  • impacts growth and dev. + limits oxygen delivery to fetus + slows cell division + reduce number of cells organs produce
27
Q

Alcohol increases risk of 3 syndromes in pregnant women

A
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome –> outward signs of malformation (smaller hear, short nose, jaw, chin, small eyes)
  • alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder: behavior, cognitive and nervous system abnormalities
  • alcohol related birth defects: malformation in skeletal and organ systems
28
Q

How much alcohol is too much? for pregnant women

A
  • 1 drink/day: neurological dev and behaviors affected
  • 4 drinks/day: physical malformations likely
29
Q

underweight mother prior to conception –> increases what? due to ?

A

increase preterm births and infant deaths –> due to inadequate supply of nutrients

30
Q

overweight mother prior to conception –> increases (3)

A
  1. risk of gestational diabetes + hypertension
  2. risk of medical complications during childbirth
  3. health risk for infant (heart problems)
31
Q

How much weight should be gained by normal weight pregnant women?

A

1st: 3.5lbs
2nd and 3rd: 1 pound per week
total gain: 25-35 lbs by term

32
Q

how much weight gain for underweight and overweight pregnant women?

A

underweight:
- 1st: 5 lbs
- after: 1 pound per week
total gain: 28-40 lbs by term
overweight:
- 2 lbs in 1st trimester
- 2/3 lbs per week after
- total gain: 15-25 pounds

33
Q

ok to gain less weight then recommended for pregnant women?

A
  • depends how infant is growing
  • if obese and too much weight gain –> complications in birth and hard to lose after
34
Q

where does gained weight go for pregnant women? (7)

A
  • breast
  • fluid volume
  • placenta
  • blood supply in placenta
  • amniotic fluid
  • infant at birth
  • increase size in uterus and supporting muscle
35
Q

Exercise during pregnancy
- encouraged?
- avoid?
- benefits (4)

A
  • encouraged!
  • avoid too high intensity (high temp and dehydration)
  • improves fitness, prevents/manages gestational diabetes, facilitates labor, reduces stress
36
Q

Low birth weight = most important indicator for ?
- what weight?

A
  • infant’s future health –> higher risk of birth-related complications, disease or death
  • less than 5.5 lbs
37
Q

Gestational diabetes
- develops when?
- leads to (2)
- resolves?

A
  • 2nd half of pregnancy
  • complication during labor + high infant birth weight due to higher glucose available
  • yes after labor but can increase risk of T2D later in life
38
Q

existing hypertension in pregnant mother
- mechanism to infant (3)
- risk to mother (2)
- risk to infant (4)

A
  • arteries constricting –> higher pressure –> less blood to infant
  • heart attack, stroke during birth
  • LBW, still birth, decrease flow to placenta, inadequate transfer of nutrients
39
Q

Gestational hypertension in pregnant mother:
- when?
- can lead to ? –> what is it? can progress to ? –> action taken?

A
  • 2nd half of pregnancy
  • preeclampsia –> gestational hypertension + protein in urine (state of dismetabolism) –> diminished blood flow = poor fetal development
  • can progress to eclampsia –> risk to mother of convulsion and death –> induce birth!
40
Q

Lactation regulated by? –> sends signal to what that secretes what?

A

hypothalamus!
- pituitary gland:
1. prolactin: milk production
2. oxytocin: milk release

41
Q

what glands secrete milk?

A

Mammary glands

42
Q

how do hormones influence lactation? (2)

A
  • promote growth and branching of duct system
  • development of milk producing cells
43
Q

What stimulates hormone release for lactation?

A

Suckling on tit –> demand for milk

44
Q

Lactogenesis?
what is necessary to maintain it?

A

Milk production
- regular feeding/pumping

45
Q

Nutrients from breastmilk
- 5
- what is low?

A
  • Energy
  • carbs (lactose)
  • low protein (lactalbumin)
  • high fat: essential for baby’d brain dev. essential FA
  • vits and minerals
  • low vit D
46
Q

Colostrum? properties (3)

A
  • thicker and more yellow than mature milk
  • serum with antibodies and white blood cells –> inactivated disease-causing bacteria
  • strong immune factors bc baby will be exposed to lots of stuff
47
Q

Immune function of breast milk

A

can detect immune fct of baby –> modify content/nutrients of milk

48
Q

Canadian recs for breast milk

A
  • exclusive breastfeeding for first 6 months of life
  • 6-12 months –> breastfeeding + food
49
Q

Energy cost of lactation for mother = _____ cal
- how much cals form food? how much from fat stores?

A
  • 500cal/day over women’s needs
  • 330 cals from food
  • 170 cals from stores accumulated during pregnancy
50
Q

Weight loss for breastfeeding women?

A

studies show accelerated weight loss in women who breastfeed for 3+months

51
Q

Nutritional deprivation of breastfeeding mom
- effects?

A
  • reduces quantity, not quality of milk
  • milk quality maintained at expense of maternal stores
52
Q

(3) things to avoid for breastfeeding women –> effects?

A
  • alcohol –> enters breast milk –> infant will drink less + inhibits oxytocin
  • medicinal drugs –> can suppress lactation + some secreted into breast milk
  • smoking: reduces milk volume
53
Q

Main difference between formula feedings and breastmilk (2)

A
  • no same immune properties
  • no change in milk composition depending on baby’s health status
54
Q

Risk of formula feedings

A

nursing bottle tooth decay risk –> pooling of formula if baby falls asleep with bottle

55
Q

Why can’t we transition to cow milk before _____ months? difference between the 2

A

12 months
- before1 year old = bleeding in GI tract bc casein (protein in milk) difficult to digest
- cow milk = high in protein + low in carb

Nutrition and Health final (9 decks)

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