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Btec/A level revision > Sociology revision Research methods > Flashcards

Sociology revision Research methods Flashcards

1
Q

What is Verstehen

A

Verstehen is looking at world from someone elses perspective

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2
Q

What is interpretivism

A

the anti positivists approach, this is when you people are active creators of their destiny and interact with each other

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3
Q

What is positivism

A

This focuses on science and facts which uses quantitative research

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4
Q

What are structured interviews

A

this are questions which are pre-written and calculated and the interviewer sticks to the question format.

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5
Q

What are closed questionnaires

A

questions which require you to answer with yes or no

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6
Q

What are semi structured interviews

A

This is a mix of open and closed questions

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7
Q

What are unstructured interviews

A

This interviews are informal and this is a guided conversation where the the talk is informal

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8
Q

What primary data

A

researching things by yourself by using questionnaires and surveys

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9
Q

What is secondary data

A

research that is already there for you to use like books or the internet

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10
Q

What are longitudinal studies

A

studies which use the same research with the same subject over a long period of time

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11
Q

What is validity

A

something that uses no bias which can be still used in todays society

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12
Q

What is reliability

A

using another persons research that is trustworthy and can be used by anyone

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13
Q

What is the BSA

A

British Sociological association

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14
Q

What type of data do positivists use

A

Quantitative data

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15
Q

What is reflexivity

A

evaluating or looking back a your own research to see if there is any mistakes or errors

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16
Q

What are three rules the BSA states for research

A

Sociological researchers should never use something illegal
Research subjects should never harm the subject
subjects should be giving consent to be part of the research

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17
Q

What is ethnography

A

qualitative research method used to study and document the culture, behaviours, and beliefs and social interactions of a particular group of people, this involves talking to people

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18
Q

What is snowball sampling

A

recruiting participants via other participants, this usually has bias as the researcher is choosing the participants

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19
Q

What is volunteer sampling

A

the individuals pick themselves to participate in the research

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20
Q

What is random sampling

A

every member of the population is equally selected and it is at random

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21
Q

What is quota sampling

A

you deliberately pick your subjects and you do this consciously

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22
Q

What are open questionnaires

A

this produces qualitative data so a lot of opinions and words

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23
Q

What are group interviews

A

where the researcher asks a group of people at the same time, an advantage is you would be getting more information

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24
Q

what is social control

A

this is a concept referring to rules and restrictions that shape, supervise and regulate the behaviours

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25
Q

what are some examples of informal social control

A

shaming praising dress codes

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26
Q

What are closed questionnaires

A

Limited number of responses like yes or no.

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27
Q

What is an advantage of closed questionnaires

A

It’s very quick

28
Q

What is an disadvantage of closed questionnaires

A

Limited number of responses

29
Q

What is the neo Marxist approach to the social class?

A

The neo Marxist approach criticize the Marxist approach but also agree with Marxist in terms of social class been a product of economic relationships

29
Q

What is the weberian approach to social class

A

Weber argues that social class is shaped by three factors which are class, status, and power, but also mentions how life chances affect these factors

29
Q

What is the feminist approach to social class

A

The feminist approach is that we still live in a patriarchal society, and have to carry the burden of doing unpaid domestic work and in the workplace too

30
Q

What is the postmodernist approach of social class

A

This approach highlights how the label of bourgeoisie and proletariat is not true and it’s not that simple, but they also argue how things like gender and lifestyle choices impact someone’s occupation

31
Q

What is the wright approach to social class

A

He identifies how there is three strands or dimensions that contribute to class location which is
Control over investment
Control over patriarchy
Control over skills and expertise
He also argues how mangers or people in power in a workplace work alongside the eomployeees which shows contradictory location

31
Q

What are Liberal feminists approach to gender inequality

A

They argue how gender roles are largely constructed through the socialization process in the family.
Examples of liberal feminist is Ann Oakley

31
Q

What are Marxist feminism approach to gender inequality

A

Women are seen as a reserve army of Labour and women are needed for work when they are needed.
Women are repsonsible for raising the future labor force.
Beechey1986
Benetton1972

32
Q

What is the radical feminist approach to gender inequality

A

They think we still live in patriarchal society and women are still oppressed, Kate millet argues how women’s oppression is originated from personal relationships in the family, the dark side of the family demonstrates the patriarchal power of men

33
Q

What is the post modernism approach to gender inequality

A

Stacey 1998 argues that new diversity is positive because it gives pope the freedom to choose the personal relationships and ways of living to their needs

33
Q

What are the advantages of using qualitative data

A

There is more insight verstehen
better validity than quantitative data
subject materials can be evaluated with greater material

34
Q

what are the disadvantages of using qualitative data

A

not useful for looking for trends, typically smaller samples, less representativeness, difficult to make comparisons

35
Q

what are the advantages of using quantitative data

A

data collection occurs rapidly
it offers reliable and repeatable information
you can generalize your findings

35
Q

what are the disadvantages of using quantitative data

A

they are not good at capturing feelings
it can lead to misleading results
it can lead to over generalization

36
Q

What is ethnography

A

a qualitative research method used to study and document the culture, behaviours and religion of a particular group of people

37
Q

what are advantages of using ethnographic methods

A

issues of validity, it allows a deeper and richer understanding of a subjects social world giving more valid insight
in depth interviews allows the respondent to explain their feelings
interpretivists would favour ethnographic methods as it allows the researcher to understand the atitudes of the participant

38
Q

disadvantages of ethnographic methods

A

issues of reliability
difficult to engage in statistical comparisons
difficulty of analysis

39
Q

what is the functionalist approach to social class

A

Davis and Moore suggested that the most able people are picked for the high paying jibs and that people who are higher in class should be allocated to the most high paying job too

40
Q

what is a critique of Davis and moore

A

low paying jobs and unskilled workers are just as important as high paying jobs
stratification systems do not provide equality of opportunity

41
Q

what is the marxists approach to social class

A

Marx created two sets of people which are the bourgeoise and the proletariat, the proletariat aid the bourgeoise and provide them with wealth and this class difference is class struggle

42
Q

what is the functionalist approach to gender inequality

A

Parsons 1955- the husband has an instrumental role
the wife has an expressive role, division of labour is based on biological differences
functionalists believe gender inequality is desirable and necessary for the family to function effectively

43
Q

what is the evaluation of the functionalist approach to gender inequality

A

women now go out to fulfill much more domestic work than they did before, women have higher aspiration of having work opportunities and educational opportunities too, feminists would argue that women have low pay due to having low human capital

44
Q

what is the weberian approach to gender inequality

A

women have less economic power and they have less statues in the work place, women find it hard to compete with men in jobs due to patriarchal discrimination.

45
Q

what is the functionalist view of gender inequality

A

Parsons 1955- said that the wife has an expressive role while the man has an instrumental role
He said that the division of labour is based on biological differences
Rastogi 2002- said that women have less human capital than men

46
Q

what is the critique of functionalist view of age inequality

A

it tends to ignore other forms of inequality, it assumes that all elderly people will withdraw from society and elderly people still have important in society

47
Q

what is the functionalist view of age inequality

A

age differences and role expectations help in the transition of individuals from one stage pf the life cycle to another.
Childhood- important for them to be socialized into society
Adolescence- need to develop independence

48
Q

what is the marxist view of age inequality

A

according to marxists, the young provide a cheap pool of flexible labour that can be hired.
Pillipson1982- the elderly are neglected by the capitalist system because they do not have spending power.

49
Q

what is the critique of the marxist approach to age inequality

A

there is some evidence that the young people are used as reserved army of labour for example zero hour contracts
Vincent argued how the elderly and women face inequalities in old age due to unfair distribution of wealth

50
Q

What is the feminist approach to age inequality

A

children and females are subject to patriarchal ideology are both oppressed by males
Itzin 1990- claimed that women face a double standard, childbearing age and fight signs of ageing.

51
Q

what is the critique of feminists of age inequality

A

feminism very critical of functionalism, roles in society determined by patriarchy not consensus

52
Q

what is the weberian approach to ethnic inequality

A

they focus on the differences in power and status between ethnic groups,
some ethnic groups lack power and status in society which makes it difficult for them to compete for jobs and housing
Barren and Norris Market Theory- ethnic groups to follow the secondary sector of employment, due to racist beliefs in trade unions being white dominated and favouring white workers

53
Q

what is charles murray to ethic inequality

A

there is cultural underclass, crime and lack of employment
there is growing black underclass made up of single mothers
young men are unwilling to work and want to become criminals

54
Q

what are criticisms of charley murray of the underclass

A

Giddens argues that the underclass in Britain came from a result of structural problems such as low skilled jobs and discrimination
the underclass culture maybe a reaction to disadvantage rather than the cause of it

55
Q

what is the functionalist approach to ethnic inequality

A

Patterson: Immigration model- 1965, culture strangeness created fears for the hosts as the immigrants created competition for jobs and housing
the immigrants would take on the culture of the host community and assimilate

56
Q

what are the criticisms of the functionalist approach to ethnic inequality

A

blaming the victim which is the immigrants for their strange cultures
racial hostility has not declined as predicted by Patterson

57
Q

what is the marxist approach to ethnic inequality

A

racism comes from capitalist economic structure
ethnic minorities form a reserve army of labour to be used when the capitalist society needs them
Immigrants are used for low paid and low status work

58
Q

what is the critic of the marxist view on ethnic inequality

A

ignored ethnic middle class, avoids the growing number of immigrants in middle class like asian business owners
ethnic groups are mixed in with the whites and share the same jobs with native borns

59
Q

what are the advantages of using open questionnaires

A

more insight into someones feelings, you will also get unlimited answers, and insights will be richer and on a deeper level

Btec/A level revision (8 decks)

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