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Revision A level/ Btec > Sociology- crime and deviance > Flashcards

Sociology- crime and deviance Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between crime and deviance

A

A crime is an illegal action against the law while deviance is the behaviour which is disapproved by people in society.

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2
Q

What is social order

A

this is general conformity to the shared norms and values so that society is peaceful

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3
Q

what is formal control

A

control carried out by the armed forces and the CJS.

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4
Q

What is informal social control

A

carried out by agencies like the school and the family and the peer group.

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5
Q

What are the positives of police recorded crime

A

they are to update and they are standardised
they are easy to access and have already been complied
they cover the whole population and go back many years

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6
Q

what are the negatives of police recorded crime

A

they do not included or unreported crime
they do not include crime which is known as the dark figure of crime
they do not provide a clear picture of the crime

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7
Q

what is the new right approach to understanding recorded crime

A

the believe that the laws are made for society and applied equally. They also state that crimes happens mainly to the underclass

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8
Q

What is the feminist approach to police recorded crime

A

they say that women commit less crime than men

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9
Q

What is the marxist approach recorded crime

A

they say police statistics are used to scare and justify more policing. They see police recorded crime as a tool to justify their control and oppression

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10
Q

What is sutherlands point of view on social class linking to crime

A

He pointed out that crimes happen higher in lower socio-economic classes than upper socio-economic classes

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11
Q

What is the functionalist approach to police recorded crime

A

They believe in the existence of social facts and measuring social behaviour scientifically.
They would trust quantitative data

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12
Q

What is youngs (1988) point of view on victimisation

A

He discussed the myth of equal victim which suggests poor people are hit much harder when they are victims of crime

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13
Q

What do feminists consider when talking about victimisation

A

They consider domestic violence and female victimisation that underestimate the problem

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14
Q

What is youngs point of view when talking victimisation and crime

A

He states that the same crime does not have the same meaning of the punch

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15
Q

What is walklates (2006) point of view on victimisation

A

The researcher considered women stay in abusive relationships. She found that women are unable to leave and nowhere to go due to not having economic independence

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16
Q

What did the ministry of data say about black people

A

They stated that black people were stopped and searched 7 times more than white people in 2009/2010

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17
Q

True or false, males account for 4/10 homicide victims

A

False, males account for 7/10 homicide victims

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18
Q

What did soothill et al (2004) say the peak age for burglary is?

A

16

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19
Q

What is green crime

A

This is criminal activity which affects the environment like dumping of toxic waste and trafficking of endagered species.

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20
Q

What is primary green crime

A

Crimes which inflict direct harm on the environment like deforastation

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21
Q

What is secondary green crime

A

Crimes which arise from the exploitation of conditions that follow environmental damage

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22
Q

What is glocalisation

A

the intertwining of global and local networks

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23
Q

Which theorist talks about glocalisation

A

Robertson 1995

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24
Q

What did Franko Aas (2007) - say about global organised crime

A

he stated that the cross border activities of organised crime groups arguably exploiting to their advantage increasing global interconnectedness

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25
How is gangsta rap described as?
Criminologists see gangsta rap as a means of articulating resistance against societal norms. The lyrics portray narratives of street life and survival
26
What is youngs (2003) view with the underclass and crime?
He says that individuals face a systematic disadvantage like poverty, and lack of education. Young also emphasises criminality can be understood as a result of deeply rooted structural inequalities
27
What society did Young say people live in these days?
A bulimic society
28
What is the meaning of a bulimic society?
A culture where citizens are encouraged to worship success, money, and wealth
29
What is Katz and Jackson's view on gang culture?
The sociologists stated that gangs often foster a sense of local attachment that transforms criminal behaviour into a source of pride and identity. Gangs share a culture which celebrates loyalty
30
Which theorist talked about the carnival of crime?
Presdee (2002)
31
What did presdee say the carnival of crime allows individuals to do?
The sociologist said it allows individuals to express their frustrations and desires.
32
What is Howard Beckers (1966) view with labelling theory and self- fulfilling prophecy?
This explores how labels society gives people shapes their identity
33
What is primary deviance?
the initial act of rule breaking
34
What is secondary deviance?
This when the individual adopts the label given to them and that when they will live up to it
35
What is self fulfilling prophecy?
The label that starts to match with the individuals behaviour and this is when society sees them that way
36
What is lemert's (1951) view on primary deviance?
He says that primary deviance is the initial act of rule breaking before the individuals is labelled as deviant
37
What did Murray suggest the underclass is?
He described the underclass as unemployed and dependent on the welfare state. He said the group lacks proper socialisation and family values
38
True or false, Murray suggested that single parent families contribute to the development of underclass children due to the absence of family structures?
True
39
Who does Murray critic for creating a dependency culture?
The welfare state
40
What was Murray's view on young males without their fathers?
He suggested that young males without their fathers have impulse control and become sexual predators
41
What was Murray's view on girls without their fathers
He suggested that they will become emotionally damaged and searching for a father substitute
42
What did Murray say inadequate socialisation leads to?
the underclass developing criminality and laziness
43
Who criticises the new right and Murray's view on crime and the underclass?
Young 2003
44
What are young's critics on murray and the new right?
Young suggests that Hernstein and Murray place too much emphasises on IQ as determining social outcomes Young critices for neglecting the broader social and economic context in which individuals live
45
What is Murray's view on the bell curve
Individuals with lower IQ are more likely to engage in criminal activities The average IQ of the criminal population is 92
46
What is white collar crime?
financially motivated nonviolent crimes committed by individuals or businesses
47
What are examples of white collar crime?
fraud embezzlement money laundering
48
What did Sutherland 1949 say about white collar crime?
that white collar crime is committed by a person of respectability and high social status
49
What are two types of white collar crime?
occupational and corporate
50
What is corporate crime?
crime carried out by businesses
51
What is occupational crime?
crime which is carried out by employees in the course of their jobs
52
What is state crime?
illegal or deviant activities committed by state agencies
53
What is Bonger 1976 view on crime?
individuals who are margenalised and oppressed by the CJS turn into crime working class are exploited
54
What is Gordon's 1973 view on crime?
poverty and social exclusion are seen as factors contributing to crime. the public fear of crime is used by the state to justify control over the working class
55
What is Phillips and Browning 2007 view on ethnicity and crime?
Ethnic minorities are overpoliced and underprotected
56
What is Tony sewell 1997 view on ethnicity and crime?
three factors contribute to black boys committing crime: Media lack of a father figure negative experiences of white culture
57
What is Gilroy's view on street crime?
street crime is seen as a form of resistance against white oppression
58
Which theorist introduced chivalry thesis?
Pollack 1950
59
What is pollacks view on gender and crime?
The sociologist stated that the CJS are more lenient towards women and women are more deceitful when committing crimes
60
What is evil woman theory?
Women being treated more harshly than men when violating both legal and gender norms. This links to double deviance
61
What is Klein's 1973 view on the etiology female crime?
The sociologist stated that many theories attribute to women's criminal behaviour to biological and physiological factors
62
What are three places where women are controlled?
At work In the public At home
63
What is Heidesohn's 1986 view on patriarchal society?
Patriarchal society exert control over women leading to low levels of female criminality. Women are controlled at home in the public and at work.
64
What is Katz view on the seduction of crime?
He argues that crime is pursued for the allure, the excitement, the thrill, and
65
What is Nightangale's 1993 view on the paradox of inclusion?
His argument is that while there have been efforts to include marginalised group into mainstream society can lead to increased visibility, it can also result in deeper exclusion
66
what are the positives and negatives of self reported studies
Positives: they can challenge the validity of office crime statistics they can be longitudinal and follow the same group of people over the same years Negatives: it is regarded as unethical to ask people whether they have committed more serious crimes they are not representative of the main types of crime

Revision A level/ Btec (10 decks)

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