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Year 13 revision for A level/Btec > Science biology revision > Flashcards

Science biology revision Flashcards

1
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell that doesn’t have a nucleus

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2
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell

A

A cell that has a nucleus

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3
Q

What are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells have 70s ribosomes while eukaryotic have 80s ribosomes
Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles while prokaryotic don’t
Eukaryotic cells are much larger than prokaryotic cells

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4
Q

What is the colour of gram positive bacteria?

A

Purple

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5
Q

What is the colour of gram negative bacteria?

A

Pink

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6
Q

What shape is the gram negative bacteria?

A

Cocci shape

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7
Q

What shape is the gram positive bacteria?

A

Rod shape

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8
Q

What are the two types of epithilial tissue?

A

Squamous
Columnar

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9
Q

What is the shape of the squamous tissue?

A

Single layer of flat cells, very squashed together

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10
Q

What is the shape of the columnar tissue?

A

Tall, upright cells and they are arranged in columns

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11
Q

What is the function of the goblet cells?

A

trap pathogens and it also produces mucus

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12
Q

Where is the columnar tissue located?

A

Bronchioles

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13
Q

What are the five types of specialised cells?

A

Red blood cells
sperm cells
egg cell
Root hair cell
Palisade mesophyll cell

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14
Q

How is the sperm cell adapted for it’s function?

A

It has got mitochondria which gives the cell lots of energy to swim and it acts as a powerhouse. The sperm head is made up of acrosomes which contains enzymes and these enzymes are released when the sperm cell meets the egg.

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15
Q

How is the red blood cell adapted for it’s function?

A

It has got a large surface are which has no nucleus and this allows the cell to carry more oxygen. It has a got a biconcave shape which allows it to squeeze through capillaries to carry more oxygen. And it has also got a short diffusion distance.

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16
Q

What is a gap between two neurones called?

A

Synapse

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17
Q

What are the three types of neurone?

A

Relay
motor
sensor

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18
Q

What is the membrane potential while at rest?

A

-70mv

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19
Q

What are the two protein filaments found in the muscle cells?

A

Actin
Myosin

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20
Q

What are the structures of a nerve cell?

A

Dendrites, Scwann cells, axon, node of ranvier, myelin sheath, axon terminal, nucleus

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21
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

electrically insulating layer

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22
Q

What is the end of a terminal called?

A

Axon terminal

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23
Q

How is Parkison’s diseases treated?

A

L-dopa

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24
Q

What is the formula to calculate magnification?

A

Image size divided by actual size

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25
Q

What are the advantages of electron microscope?

A

It has a higher magnification and resolution

26
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus

A

The golgi apparatus makes proteins and packages them into vesicles

27
Q

What are the cells in an animal cell

A

Mitochondria
centrioles
ribosomes
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes
vesicles
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleolus

28
Q

What are the cells in a plant cell

A

Amyloplast
tonoplast
plasmodesmata
vacuole
cell wall
mitochondria
smooth ER
Rough ER
ribosomes
cell membrane

29
Q

What is the function of the Rough ER

A

where protein synthesis takes place, and it transports proteins to the golgi apparatus

29
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER

A

Transports lipids and carbohydrates

29
Q

What is the function of the vesicle

A

transports substances that are needed like protein

29
Q

What is the function of the slime capsule

A

protects the bacterial cell and prevents dessication ( water loss)

29
Q

What is the function of lysosomes

A

breaks down waste material which includes old organelles and digest pathogens

30
Q

What are the main differences between an unmyelinated and a myelinated neurone

A

unmyelinated neurones have no myelin sheath while myelinated neurones do
myelinated neurones have a larger diameter than unmyelinated neurones
myelinated neurones have much faster impulses than unmylielinated neurones

30
Q

What are some of the symptoms of Depression

A

low energy levels
loss of self-esteem
Insominia
feeling intense sadness and anxiety

30
Q

What are some of the symptoms of parkison’s disease

A

less movement
staggered gait
speech is much more slower
tremors

30
Q

What happens at the stage of depolarisation

A

sodium channels open and they flood into the cell. this alters the potential difference

30
Q

What happens at the stage of resting potential

A

there is a difference in electrical charges on the outside and inside of the phospholid plasma membrane, the outside has a positive charge while the inside has a negative charge

31
Q

What happens at the stage of repolarisation

A

The K plus ions start to diffuse out of the cell, the sodium potassium pump creates a concentration and an electrical gradient

32
Q

What is the order of the action potential

A
  1. Resting potential
  2. Depolarisation
  3. Repolarisation
  4. Hyperpolarisation
33
Q

What is the treatment for depression

A

Prozac

34
Q

What is the action potential when it rises

A

-55mv

35
Q

What is the sliding filament theory

A

ATP is released from respiration causes myosin to pull actin inwards, shortening the muscle.
This, then forms a crossbridge.
Myosin heads bend and actin filament slide, myosin heads then release ADP and Pi and ATP binds to the myosin heads.

36
Q

What is endothelial tissue

A

A single layer of flattened cells and it is found lining the blood vessels

37
Q

Describe slow twitch fibres

A

slow twitch fibres are more effective at using oxygen to generate energy in the form of ATP.
It fuels muscle contraction
uses aerobic respiration
and has more myoglobin

38
Q

Describe fast twitch fibres

A

fast twitch fibres have less myoglobin, uses anaerobic respiration, and also has less mitochondria

39
Q

what are the effects of smoking on the alveoli

A

smoke can damage the walls of the alveoli, the alveoli walls break down and join together forming large air spaces than normal and this results in reduced efficiency of gas exchange

40
Q

What are the symptoms of COPD

A

Breathlessness
increased risk of chest infections
persistent wheezing
smoking damaging air sacs

41
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + -oxygen= ATP + Carbon dioxide + water

42
Q

What is the function of the node of ranvier

A

facilitates the rapid conduction of nerve impulses

43
Q

what is meant by a tissue

A

a group of cells that peform a particular function

44
Q

what is meant by an organ

A

a group of tissues that peform a particular function

45
Q

what is meant by an organ system

A

a group of organs that peform a particular function

46
Q

What happens at the stage of the resting potential

A

The sodium potassium occurs, this is where 2 k plus ions diffuse into the cell and 3Na plus ions diffuse out of the cell

47
Q

What similarities do both neutrophils and lymphocytes have

A

Both involved in defending against pathogens
Both made in bone marrow
They both originate from stem cells
Both of them have a rough ER, mitochondria and nuclei

48
Q

What similarities do both neutrophils and lymphocytes have

A

Both involved in defending against pathogens
Both made in bone marrow
They both originate from stem cells
Both of them have a rough ER, mitochondria and nuclei

49
Q

what is hyperpolarisation

A

There is an overshoot of the movement of K plus ions this makes the inside more negative than normal which causes the K plus ions to close

50
Q

what are the differences between neutrophils and lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes:
they have a large nucleus
they have T cells which are responsible for destroying harmful pathogens and B cells which are responsible for making proteins which are called antobodies to fight off pathogens.
they have immunological memory
Neutrophils:
they are phagocytic so they engulf and destroy pathogens
they have several lobes
they can migrate to areas of infection

51
Q

How is a root hair cell adapted for it’s function?

A

mitochondria provides energy for the active transport of ions
large surface area for the absorption of water and ions
short distance across cell wall increases the rate of diffusion

52
Q

how is a palisade mesophyll cell adapted for its function?

A

it has a large vacuole which pushes the chloroplast to the edge of the cell to absorb sunlight

major site of photosynthesis

cytoskeleton is able to move the chloroplast up and down the cell to maintain sunlight and protect chloroplast

thin and transparent cellular walls, easy for gaseous diffusion

53
Q

What is atherosclerosis and what effect does it have on the endothelial tissue/

A

carbon monoxide gas from smoke​

High blood pressure of the person​

Both cause damage to endothelium​

White blood cells repair this damage​

And encourage the growth of smooth muscle​

And fatty deposits, like cholesterol, under the endothelium ​

This is called ATHEROSCLEROSIS​

Year 13 revision for A level/Btec (9 decks)

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