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Biosensors > Sociology Midterm > Flashcards

Sociology Midterm Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Sociology

A

The systematic study of human society

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2
Q

Society

A

People who live in a defined territory and share a way of life

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3
Q

Sociological Perspective

A

Sociology’s point of view that sees general patterns of society in the lives of particular people.

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4
Q

global perspective

A

The study of the larger world and our societies place in it

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5
Q

What is positivism?

A

Scientific approach to knowledge based on “positive” facts as opposed to speculation

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6
Q

Theory

A

statement of how and why specific facts are related

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7
Q

Theoretical approach

A

a basic image of society that guides thinking and research

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8
Q

structural functional approach

A

framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

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9
Q

social structure

A

any relatively stable pattern of social behavior

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10
Q

Social function

A

the consequences of any social pattern for the operation of society as a whole

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11
Q

manifest functions

A

the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern

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12
Q

latent functions

A

the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern

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13
Q

social dysfunction

A

any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society

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14
Q

social conflict approach

A

a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change

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15
Q

gender conflict theory (feminist theory)

A

The study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men

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16
Q

feminism

A

support of social equality for women and men

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17
Q

race-conflict theory

A

study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different races and ethnic groups

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18
Q

macro-level orientation

A

broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole

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19
Q

micro-level orientation

A

close up focus on social interaction in specific situations

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20
Q

symbolic interaction approach

A

framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals

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21
Q

positivist sociology

A

study of society based on systematic observation of social behavior

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22
Q

concept

A

mental construct that represents part of the world in simplified form

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23
Q

variable

A

concept who’s value changes case to case

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24
Q

what is a measurement?

A

procedure of determining the value of a variable

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25
what is operationalizing a variable?
Specifying what is being measured before giving the variable a value
26
what is reliability?
the consistency in a measurement
27
what is validity?
measuring what you actually intend to
28
cause and effect
relationship which change in one variable causes change in another
29
independent variable
variable that causes the change
30
correlation
relationship where two or more variables change together
31
spurious correlation
an apparent but false relationship between two or more variables that is caused by another variable
32
objectivity
personal neutrality in research
33
interpretive sociology
study of society that focuses on meanings people attach to their social world
34
critical sociology
study of society that focuses on need for social change
35
what is science
logical system that bases knowledge on direct systematic observation
36
empirical evidence
information that can be verified with our senses
37
what is gender
personal traits and social positions that society attaches to being male or female
38
hypothesis is described as
statement of a possible relationship between 2 or more variables
39
participant observation
a method that investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities
40
culture
ways of thinking, acting, and material objects that form people's way of life
41
non-material culture
ideas created by members of society
42
material culture
physical things created by members of a society
43
culture shock
personal disorientation when experiencing unfamiliar way of life
44
society
people who interact in defined teritory, share culture
45
symbol
anything that carries particular meaning recognized by people of same culture
46
language
system of symbols allowing people to communicate with eachother
47
cultural transmission
one generation passes culture to the next
48
sapir-whorf thesis
the idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language
49
what are values
culturally defined standards used to decide what is good bad, serve as guidelines for living
50
norms
rules and expectations which society guides its members
51
mores
widely observes norms with cultural significance
52
folkways are
norms for routine or casual interaction
53
social control
attempts by society to regulate peoples thoughts and behavior
54
technology
knowledge people use to make a way of life in surroundings
55
horticulture
use of hand tools to raise crops
56
pastoralism
domestication of animals
57
industry
production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery
58
postindustrialism
production of information using COMPUTER technology
59
high culture
cultural patterns that distinguish a societies elite
60
popular culture
cultural patterns that are widespread among society population
61
subculture
cultural patterns set apart some segment of society's population
62
counter culture
cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted
63
multiculturalism
perspective of recognizing cultural diversity
64
eurocentrism
dominance of european cultural patterns (especially english)
65
Afrocentrism
emphasizing and promoting african cultural patterns
66
cultural integration
close relationships among elements of cultural system
67
cultural lag
some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system
68
ethnocentricism
practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture
69
cultural relativism
practice of judging culture by its own standards
70
cultural universals
traits that are part of every known culture
71
sociobiology
theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture
72
socialization
lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
73
personality
a persons fairly consisten patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling
74
id
freud's term for human beings basic drives
75
ego
freuds term for a person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society
76
superego
freuds term for the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual
77
sensorimotor stage
Piaget's term for when individuals experience the world only through their senses
78
preoperational stage
piaget's term for when individuals first use language and other symbols
79
concrete operational stage
piagets term for when humans first see casual connections in their surroundings
80
former operational stage
piagets term for when humans can think abstractly and critically
81
self
george herbert mead's term for part of individuals personality composed of self image and self awareness
82
looking glass self
cooley's term for a self image based on how we think others SEE US
83
significant others
people who play a special role in socialization
84
generalized other
george herbert mead's term for widespread cultural norms and values which we compare ourselves to when evaluating ourselves
85
peer group
social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common
86
anticipatory socialization
learning that helps a person achieve a desired position, WORKED FOR
87
mass media
means for delivering interpersonal communications to vast audience
88
social media
media that allows people to communicate over large distance
89
cohort
category of people with something in common, normally age
90
gerontology
the study of aging and the elderly
91
gerontocracy
form of social organization where elderly people have the most wealth, power, and prestige
92
ageism
prejudice against old people
93
total institution
setting where people are isolated from rest of society and manipulated by administrative staff
94
resocialization
radically changing an inmates personality by carefully controlling the environment

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