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Biosensors > Sociology Midterm > Flashcards

Sociology Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Sociology

A

The systematic study of human society

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2
Q

Society

A

People who live in a defined territory and share a way of life

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3
Q

Sociological Perspective

A

Sociology’s point of view that sees general patterns of society in the lives of particular people.

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4
Q

global perspective

A

The study of the larger world and our societies place in it

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5
Q

What is positivism?

A

Scientific approach to knowledge based on “positive” facts as opposed to speculation

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6
Q

Theory

A

statement of how and why specific facts are related

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7
Q

Theoretical approach

A

a basic image of society that guides thinking and research

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8
Q

structural functional approach

A

framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

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9
Q

social structure

A

any relatively stable pattern of social behavior

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10
Q

Social function

A

the consequences of any social pattern for the operation of society as a whole

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11
Q

manifest functions

A

the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern

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12
Q

latent functions

A

the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern

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13
Q

social dysfunction

A

any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society

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14
Q

social conflict approach

A

a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change

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15
Q

gender conflict theory (feminist theory)

A

The study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men

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16
Q

feminism

A

support of social equality for women and men

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17
Q

race-conflict theory

A

study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different races and ethnic groups

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18
Q

macro-level orientation

A

broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole

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19
Q

micro-level orientation

A

close up focus on social interaction in specific situations

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20
Q

symbolic interaction approach

A

framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals

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21
Q

positivist sociology

A

study of society based on systematic observation of social behavior

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22
Q

concept

A

mental construct that represents part of the world in simplified form

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23
Q

variable

A

concept who’s value changes case to case

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24
Q

what is a measurement?

A

procedure of determining the value of a variable

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25
Q

what is operationalizing a variable?

A

Specifying what is being measured before giving the variable a value

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26
Q

what is reliability?

A

the consistency in a measurement

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27
Q

what is validity?

A

measuring what you actually intend to

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28
Q

cause and effect

A

relationship which change in one variable causes change in another

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29
Q

independent variable

A

variable that causes the change

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30
Q

correlation

A

relationship where two or more variables change together

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31
Q

spurious correlation

A

an apparent but false relationship between two or more variables that is caused by another variable

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32
Q

objectivity

A

personal neutrality in research

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33
Q

interpretive sociology

A

study of society that focuses on meanings people attach to their social world

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34
Q

critical sociology

A

study of society that focuses on need for social change

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35
Q

what is science

A

logical system that bases knowledge on direct systematic observation

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36
Q

empirical evidence

A

information that can be verified with our senses

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37
Q

what is gender

A

personal traits and social positions that society attaches to being male or female

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38
Q

hypothesis is described as

A

statement of a possible relationship between 2 or more variables

39
Q

participant observation

A

a method that investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities

40
Q

culture

A

ways of thinking, acting, and material objects that form people’s way of life

41
Q

non-material culture

A

ideas created by members of society

42
Q

material culture

A

physical things created by members of a society

43
Q

culture shock

A

personal disorientation when experiencing unfamiliar way of life

44
Q

society

A

people who interact in defined teritory, share culture

45
Q

symbol

A

anything that carries particular meaning recognized by people of same culture

46
Q

language

A

system of symbols allowing people to communicate with eachother

47
Q

cultural transmission

A

one generation passes culture to the next

48
Q

sapir-whorf thesis

A

the idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language

49
Q

what are values

A

culturally defined standards used to decide what is good bad, serve as guidelines for living

50
Q

norms

A

rules and expectations which society guides its members

51
Q

mores

A

widely observes norms with cultural significance

52
Q

folkways are

A

norms for routine or casual interaction

53
Q

social control

A

attempts by society to regulate peoples thoughts and behavior

54
Q

technology

A

knowledge people use to make a way of life in surroundings

55
Q

horticulture

A

use of hand tools to raise crops

56
Q

pastoralism

A

domestication of animals

57
Q

industry

A

production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery

58
Q

postindustrialism

A

production of information using COMPUTER technology

59
Q

high culture

A

cultural patterns that distinguish a societies elite

60
Q

popular culture

A

cultural patterns that are widespread among society population

61
Q

subculture

A

cultural patterns set apart some segment of society’s population

62
Q

counter culture

A

cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted

63
Q

multiculturalism

A

perspective of recognizing cultural diversity

64
Q

eurocentrism

A

dominance of european cultural patterns (especially english)

65
Q

Afrocentrism

A

emphasizing and promoting african cultural patterns

66
Q

cultural integration

A

close relationships among elements of cultural system

67
Q

cultural lag

A

some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system

68
Q

ethnocentricism

A

practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture

69
Q

cultural relativism

A

practice of judging culture by its own standards

70
Q

cultural universals

A

traits that are part of every known culture

71
Q

sociobiology

A

theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture

72
Q

socialization

A

lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture

73
Q

personality

A

a persons fairly consisten patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling

74
Q

id

A

freud’s term for human beings basic drives

75
Q

ego

A

freuds term for a person’s conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society

76
Q

superego

A

freuds term for the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual

77
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

Piaget’s term for when individuals experience the world only through their senses

78
Q

preoperational stage

A

piaget’s term for when individuals first use language and other symbols

79
Q

concrete operational stage

A

piagets term for when humans first see casual connections in their surroundings

80
Q

former operational stage

A

piagets term for when humans can think abstractly and critically

81
Q

self

A

george herbert mead’s term for part of individuals personality composed of self image and self awareness

82
Q

looking glass self

A

cooley’s term for a self image based on how we think others SEE US

83
Q

significant others

A

people who play a special role in socialization

84
Q

generalized other

A

george herbert mead’s term for widespread cultural norms and values which we compare ourselves to when evaluating ourselves

85
Q

peer group

A

social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common

86
Q

anticipatory socialization

A

learning that helps a person achieve a desired position, WORKED FOR

87
Q

mass media

A

means for delivering interpersonal communications to vast audience

88
Q

social media

A

media that allows people to communicate over large distance

89
Q

cohort

A

category of people with something in common, normally age

90
Q

gerontology

A

the study of aging and the elderly

91
Q

gerontocracy

A

form of social organization where elderly people have the most wealth, power, and prestige

92
Q

ageism

A

prejudice against old people

93
Q

total institution

A

setting where people are isolated from rest of society and manipulated by administrative staff

94
Q

resocialization

A

radically changing an inmates personality by carefully controlling the environment

Biosensors (10 decks)

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