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From Flashcardlet > sociology midterm 1 > Flashcards

sociology midterm 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Cohort

A

Group of persons who were born during the same time period and who experience particular social changes within a given culture in the same sequence and approximately the same age

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1
Q

Life course perspective

A

Looks how biological, psychological, and social factors act independently, cumulatively and interactively to shape people’s lives from conception to death and across generations

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2
Q

Transition

When does a transition turn into a turning point?

A
  1. Change in roles and statuses that represents a distinct departure from prior roles and statuses
  2. Transition moves to a turning point when
    - occurs with the crisis
    - involves family crisis
    - followed by unforeseen negative consequences
    - requires exceptional social adjustments
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3
Q

Trajectory

A
  1. The path of an individual made from multiple life transitions
  2. Ex. Health trajectory, family life trajectory, work trajectory, education trajectory
  3. Stability and change in someone
  4. Trajectories are mostly connected
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4
Q

Life event

A
  1. Significant occurrence following relatively abrupt change that may produce serious and long lasting effects
  2. Requires an adjustment to daily life
  3. Social readjustment rating scale developed by Holms and Rahe
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5
Q

Turning point

A
  1. A life event or transition that produces a lasting shift in the life course trajectory
  2. Closed or open opportunities, lasting changes in the environment, changes a person self-concept, beliefs or expectations
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6
Q

Off time vs. on time transitions

A
  1. Off time: doesn’t occur at the typical stage of life
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7
Q

Population pyramids

A

A chart that depicts the proportion of the population in each age group

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8
Q

Dimensions of age

A
  1. chronological age: not the only factor
  2. Biological age: biological development and physical health by measuring organ systems
  3. Psychological age: the capacities that a people have in the skills they use to adapt to changing biological and environmental demands skills and memory learNing intelligence motivation and emotions
  4. Social age: age graded roles and behaviors expected by society
  5. Spiritual age: current position of a person in the ongoing search for meaning, purpose and moral relationships
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9
Q

Human agency

A
  1. The use of personal power to achieve ones goals
  2. Attempts to exert influence to shape ones life trajectory
  3. Involves acting with an orientation toward the future
  4. An eye for the possible self
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10
Q

Risk vs. Protection

A
  1. Risk Factors at one stage of development that increase the probability of developing and maintaining problem conditions at later stages
  2. Protective factors: factors that decrease the probability of developing and maintaining problem conditions
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11
Q

Fetal development

A
  1. Gestation 40 weeks during which the fertilized ovum becomes a fully developed infant
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12
Q

First trimester

A
  1. The first 12 weeks of pregnancy
  2. The zygote to embryo (7 days) to fetus (8 weeks)
  3. 12 weeks the gender is noticeable
  4. Miscarriage 80% in the first 12 weeks
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13
Q

Second trimester

A
  1. 13-24 weeks
  2. Most rapid period of brain development
  3. Can hear the heart beat and see the fetus with an ultrasound
  4. Quickening: feeling the baby move
  5. Woman is feeling her best
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14
Q

Third trimester

A
  1. 25 weeks plus
  2. Critical for continued fetal development and preparation for birth
  3. Tasks of the fetus to gain weight and mature
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15
Q

Risk factors during pregnancy

A
  1. Prematurity: before 37 weeksgestation
  2. Low birth weight: neonates 3.3 to 5.5 pounds account for 8.2 % of preterm births
  3. Late preterm births: At risk of respiratory distress during the neonatal period as well as increased Respiratory problems during the first year of life, feeding problems. Induced labor elective cesarean or maternal medical complications
  4. Small for gestational age: weighing below the 10th percentile for sex and age
  5. Very low birth weight: infants weighing less than 3 pounds 3 ounces
  6. Extremely low birth weight : infants weighing less than2.2 pounds
  7. Exposure to teratogens : radiation, infections, maternal metabolic imbalance and drugs and environmental chemicals
  8. Genetic abnormalities
  9. Substance abuse
  10. Pregnant women with disabilities
  11. Obesity
  12. STDS
  13. Stress
  14. Trauma
  15. Smoking
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16
Q

Protective factors during pregnancy

A
  1. Normal weight maintenance
  2. Barrier birth control methods
  3. Family life education
  4. Birth control
  5. The wick program
  6. Prenatal care
  7. Social and economic support
  8. Accident prevention
  9. Smoking cessation program
  10. Female age and support
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17
Q

Infertility

A
  1. Inability to create a viable embryo after one year of intercourse without contraception
  2. Causes include medical, environmental, health, lifestyle, and genetic factors
  3. Fertility decreases as men and women age
  4. On the rise, people waiting until they are older
    5) 5 million or 1/4 couples
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18
Q

Male causes of infertility

A
  1. Low sperm count
  2. Physical defect affecting the transport of sperm
  3. Genetic disorder
  4. Exposure to work environment substances
  5. Alcohol caffeine and cigarette smoking
  6. Advancing age
  7. 45% infertility problem resides with males
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19
Q

Female causes of infertility

A
  1. Vaginal structural problems
  2. Abnormal cervical mucous
  3. Abnormal absence of ovulation
  4. Blocked or scarred Fallopian tubes
  5. Uterine lining unfavorable to implantation
  6. Obesity
  7. Alcohol caffeine and cigarettes
  8. 10.9% reduced infertility and 6.0% infertile
  9. 40% infertility reside with female
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20
Q

Side effects of infertility treatment

A
  1. Causes emotional distress
  2. Women at risk for depression, anxiety, substance abuse, social stress, isolation, marital dissatisfaction
  3. Very expensive
  4. Multiple gestational
  5. Genetic malformations
  6. Legal and ethical issues (unused embryos, genetically engineering, surrogate rights
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21
Q

Abortion basics and rates of abortion during different trimesters

A
  1. Legalized abortion in first trimester in 1973 in Roe vs. Wade
  2. During the first trimester and until fetal viability (the point at which the baby could survive outside the womb) in the second trimester, US federal law allows for women to legally choose an abortion, can be narrowed by states though
  3. 88% of abortions in US are in first 12 weeks
  4. 10.4 % from 13 to 20 weeks
  5. 1.5 % after 21 weeks
  6. Medical abortion: Chemical or non-surgical abortion, uses drugs
  7. Instrumental or surgical evacuation: manual vacuum aspiration
  8. Intrauterine instillation: in second trimester, a chemical solution can be infused into the uterus to end pregnancy
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22
Q

Child birth trends

A
  1. Home vs. hospital (trend away from home birth, 99% in hospital)
  2. Medication vs. non medication
  3. How does mom, dad, family conduct themselves during pregnancy
  4. Private vs. public
  5. Religious ceremonies
  6. Childbirth education
  7. Hospital stay has shortened
  8. Planned vs. unplanned pregnancies, 50% unplanned
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23
Q

Age range for infant vs. toddler

Height and weight at birth, infancy and toddlerhood

A
  1. Birth: height= 19.5 weight= 7lbs
  2. Infant from 0-12 months, weight= 1.5x height= 3x
  3. Toddler from 1-3 years, weight= 2x height= 4x
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24
Q

Reflexes of infancy and toddlerhood

A
  1. Infants: sucking and rooting (Touch the cheek, turn towards cheek),
  2. Holding head up, rolling over
  3. Blinking
  4. Cough
  5. Sneeze
  6. Gag
  7. Yawn
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25
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

Zygote implants outside of the uterus, failure to attach

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26
Q

At risk newborns

A
  1. Prematurity: 2/3 of infant deaths, 34-36 weeks, 24 week cutoff
  2. Genetic abnormalities: single abnormal gene, multi-factorial inheritance, chromosomal abnormality’s like down syndrome, exposure to teratogen
27
Q

Miscarriage and stillbirth

A
  1. Miscarriage: before 20 weeks

2. Stillbirth: after 20 weeks

28
Q

Piaget stage of development (infancy and toddlerhood)

A
  1. Sensorimotor stage (birth -2 yrs): only one frame of the movie at a time, cannot go back to previous brain
  2. Egocentric
  3. Objects existing apart from self
  4. Coordination of sensory and motor activities
29
Q

Eriksons stage of psychosocial development (infancy and toddlerhood)

A
  1. Trust versus mistrust: emotional and physical needs
  2. They develop trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection
  3. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
  4. Toddlers must develop self confidence and mastery of themselves and their worlds
30
Q

Ainsworth theory of attachment (infancy and toddlerhood)

A
  1. The ability to form emotional bonds with other people
  2. Strange situation procedure
  3. Secure: mother is home base, feels comfortable leaving base to explore, cries when mother leaves, but calms quick when mother reassures.
  4. Anxious: doesn’t leave mothers side, parent is unpredictable and inconsistent
  5. Avoidant attachment: avoids mother, not upset when she leaves,
  6. Insecure: child is abused or fearful of mother
31
Q

Biological development (milestones of infancy and toddlerhood)

A
  1. Blooming and pruning of the brain
  2. Rapid body growth throughout first two years, slows in toddlerhood 3. 4-9 months: sit w/o support
  3. 5-11.5 months: stand with assistance
  4. 5-13.5 months: crawling, walking w/assistance
  5. 6.5-16.5 months: standing alone
  6. 8-17.5 months: walking alone
32
Q

Developmental niche

A
  1. Culture guides every aspect of the developmental process
  2. Physical and social settings: size and location, objects like toys, the climate, family structure
  3. Customs: sleeping, feeding schedule, carrying, learning
  4. Psychology of caretakers: expectations Shane versus doubt, values, parenting styles
33
Q

Temperament of infancy and toddlerhood

A

Innate disposition

  1. Easy: good mood, regular eating patterns
  2. Slow to warm up: few intense reactions, low in activity level
  3. Difficult: negative mood, irregular sleeping and eating, difficulty in adapting to new experiences and people
34
Q

Types of play infancy and toddlerhood

A
  1. Vocal play: grunts, squeals, vowels
  2. Interactive: smiling, interact with care providers
  3. Exploratory with objects: with hands, eyes, mouth, texture color
  4. Baby games: peek a boo, humor, suspense
35
Q

Age range of early childhood

A
  1. Age 3-6

2. Early school age

36
Q

Physical development early childhood

A
  1. Physical growth slows 2-3 inches per year
  2. Great variation in height and weights
  3. Brain growth slower than in infancy
37
Q

Piaget stage of development of early childhood

A
  1. Preoperational (2-7 yrs.): still egocentric but discovers rules for new information.
  2. Overgeneralizes rules and makes many cognitive errors
38
Q

Eriksons stage of development for early childhood

A
  1. Initiative vs. guilt: Young children must develop the capacity to plan options or they may feel guilty about their taking initiative
39
Q

Kohlbergs stages of moral development for early childhood

A
  1. Level 1 Preconventional morality: (most 9 yr. olds and younger)
  2. Stage 1: obedience and punishment-good= no punishment, bad =punishment, must have done something wrong
  3. Stage 2: individualism and exchange- not just one right view from authority, different people different views
40
Q

Risk factors / protective factors early childhood

A
  1. Divorce
  2. Parenting styles
  3. Homelessness
  4. Poverty
  5. Violence
  6. Maternal education
  7. Social support
  8. Iq
  9. Self esteem
  10. Good parent child relationships
41
Q

Development of racial identity early childhood

A
  1. Children first learn their own racial identity then they can differentiate identity of other races
  2. This is limited to skin color
42
Q

Development of gender identity early childhood

A
  1. Culturally formed
  2. Identifying people as a male or female based on appearance
  3. Understands gender is stable
  4. Understand gender constancy
  5. Understands about the genital basis of gender
43
Q

Age range for middle childhood

A
  1. 6- puberty (10-12)
  2. Height and weight varies
  3. Obesity in 1980 = 7%, 2012 = 18%
44
Q

Kohlbergs stage of moral development for middle childhood

A
  1. Level 1 and 2 Preconventional and conventional morality
  2. Stage 3: good interpersonal relationships- answers to approval of others, good in order to be seen as good by others
  3. Stage 4: understands wider rules of society, obeying rules in order to uphold the law and avoid guilt
45
Q

Piaget stage of development for middle childhood

A

Concrete operations (7-11 yrs.): child can solve concrete problems through application of logical problem solving strategies

46
Q

Eriksons stage of development for middle childhood

A
  1. Industry versus inferiority: School age children must develop competence to master and complete tasks or they learn to feel inferior
47
Q

Importance of social comparison on the school environment in middle childhood

A
  1. Development of social competence: school aged children search for opportunities to demonstrate personal skills abilities and achievements
  2. Zone of proximal development: theoretical space between the child’s potential level and the child’s current developmental level
48
Q

Categories of social acceptance and bullying in middle childhood

A
  1. Bullying: 13 million a year, children in middle school are at highest risk of bullying.
  2. Direct bullying: physical
  3. Indirect bullying: verbal, psychological, social, cyber bullying
  4. Popular, rejected, controversial, neglected, average
  5. Peer group focus
49
Q

Emotional intelligence of middle childhood

A
  1. Ability to motivate oneself and persist in the face of frustrations
  2. Control impulses and delay gratification
  3. Regulate ones mood
  4. Operate under stress
  5. To empathize
  6. To hope
50
Q

Stages of ethnic development in middle childhood

A
  1. Assimilation: identifying with and immersion in American culture
  2. Acculturation: merging of cultures
  3. Stereotype vulnerability: developing negative attitudes about their sub cultural group
51
Q

Child abuse in middle childhood

A
  1. Increasingly witness to violence in the home
  2. Polyvictimization: in early and middle childhood
  3. Us children most susceptible to non fatal abuse from ages 6 to 12
  4. Child neglect most common
52
Q

Risk/ protective factors in middle childhood

A
  1. Risk: poverty, violence, mental and physical challenges, family disruption, trauma, gender, peer group
  2. Protective: good health, intelligence, easy temperment, hobbies, good peer relations
53
Q

Age range for adolescence

A
  1. 18-22 yrs
  2. Nutrition
  3. Exercise
  4. Sleep
54
Q

Physical development of adolescence

A
  1. Puberty: primary and secondary sex characteristics
  2. Male (11-16)
  3. Female (9-17)
  4. Growth spurts
  5. Frontal lobe growth until age 25: planning, decision making, reasoning, impulse control
55
Q

Piaget stage of development for adolescence

A

Formal operations (11+): person is able to solve real and hypothetical problems using abstract concepts, empathy

56
Q

Eriksons stage of development for adolescence

A
  1. Identity versus role diffusion: adolescence must develop a sense of who they are and where they are going or they become confused about their identity
57
Q

Kohlbergs stage of development for adolescence

A

Post conventional morality: universal principles of right and wrong

58
Q

Rosenberg model of identity development for adolescence

A
  1. Composed of 3 major parts
  2. Disposition: self ascribed aspects of identity (attitude, ability, traits, values, habits, likes)
  3. Social identity: made up from interaction with other people and social systems, social statuses, membership groups and social types
  4. Physical characteristics: physical traits that contribute to sense of self (height, weight, facial features)
59
Q

Individuation and separation from parents in adolescence

A
  1. Functional independence: laundry, credit card
  2. Attitudinal: developing own attitude and beliefs
  3. Emotional: not being dependent on parents
  4. Conflictual: ok with changes, recognition of separation from parents without internal conflicts
60
Q

Hot vs. cold cognition in adolescence

A
  1. Hot cognition: occurs when teens are with peers, emotions running high, sexual tension
  2. Cold cognition: occurs when adolescent is alone and calm
61
Q

Marcia’s identity development model in adolescence

A
  1. Diffusion: no commitment to roles with or w/o exploration or commitment
  2. Foreclosure: commitment w/o exploration
  3. Moratorium: exploration of roles and values w/o commitment
  4. Identity achievement: exploration of roles and values followed by commitment
62
Q

Statistics on sexuality and teen pregnancy

A
  1. All 13 and 14 yr. old adolescence report romantic fantasies and desires
  2. Most youth in late adolescence report some kind of romantic relationship
  3. Relationships about 3 months in early adolescence and 1-3 yrs. in middle and late adolescence.
  4. Ages 10-12 aware of sexual feelings
  5. Sexual activity is linked to what their peers are doing
  6. Teen pregnancy is 24 per 1000 babies in 15-19 yr. olds
  7. Teen pregnancy declined from 1990’s
  8. Latino girls highest birth rate
63
Q

Technology in adolescence

A
  1. 95% of teens report consistent use of Internet (2013)
  2. Youth owned Smartphones in 2013 is 37%
  3. More girls (34%) than boys (24%) use their smart phones to go online
  4. Benefits: connectedness, maintains relationships, parents updated
  5. Risks: driving while texting, mental and physical fatigue, social disconnect, instant gratification
64
Q

Risk/protection factors in adolescence

A
  1. Risk: substance use bullying, delinquency, peer relationships, physical abuse, poverty, eating disorders
  2. Protection: family, spirituality, social support in school
65
Q

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory

A
  1. You: center
  2. Microsystem: family school peers neighborhood workplace
  3. Mesosystem: extension of the Microsystems
  4. Macrosystem: economic system political system educational system government system
  5. Chronosystem: dimension of time

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