Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

from flashcardlet > Abnormal Psych. Midterm 2 (ch. 5-10) > Flashcards

Abnormal Psych. Midterm 2 (ch. 5-10) Flashcards

0
Q

Stressors

A

External or internal demands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Stress

A

The effects of external and internal demands on an organism that exceeds the persons resources.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Coping strategies

A

Efforts to deal with stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Distress

A
  1. Bad stress
  2. Potential to do more damage than stress occurring in positive situations
  3. Can be a continuous force that exceeds persons capability of managing it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Individual characteristics identified as improving ability to handle life stress include?

A
  1. Levels of optimism
  2. Greater psychological control or mastery
  3. Increased self esteem
  4. Better social support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Genetic makeup can render us more or less stress sensitive, true or false?

A
  1. True: twin studies indicate differences in coping styles linked to genetic differences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Stress tolerance

A

Person’s ability to withstand stress without becoming seriously impaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Uncontrollable vs. predictable stress

A
  1. Unpredictable and unanticipated events likely to lead to severe stress (no coping strategy available)
  2. More stress with unpredictable events
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Crisis

A
  1. When a stressful situation threatens or exceeds the adaptive capacities of a person or a group, overwhelming the person
  2. Sudden and intense crisis
  3. Stress very potent, coping techniques don’t work
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cortisol

A
  1. Stress glucocorticoid in humans that is produced
  2. Good hormone during emergency, prep. fight or flight
  3. If cortisone is active for long periods of time, not shut off, damage to brain. Very problematic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stress and social support

A
  1. People who have relatively small social networks or who consider themselves to have little emotional support are more likely to develop CHD
  2. Lack of social support triggers inflammatory response
  3. Emotional disclosure effective therapy to decrease stress hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Resilience

A
  1. The ability to adapt and function healthily after a potentially traumatic event
  2. Factors that increase resilience: being male, being older, being well educated, having more economic resources, being optimistic and scoring high on positive affect and low on negative affect.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Type A behavior pattern

A
  1. Characterized by excessive competitive drive, extreme commitment to work, impatience or time urgency, and hostility
  2. Hostility in type A people is correlated coronary heart disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Adjustment disorder

A
  1. Stress disorder that overwhelms ability to adjust and cope
  2. Stressor is something commonly experienced (divorce, death of loved one, loss of job)
  3. Results in clinically significant behavioral or emotional symptoms
  4. Stress can be single event, or multiple stressors
  5. Symptoms must begin within 3 months of onset of the stressor
  6. Must experience more distress than what would be expected
  7. Symptoms lessen when stressor ends or person learns to adapt to stressor
  8. If symptoms continue past 6 months, diagnosis is usually changed to another mental disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

PTSD

A
  1. Stress disorder that overwhelms ability to adjust and cope
  2. Must have been exposed to a traumatic stressor that is accompanied by fear, helplessness, and horror
  3. Must have a clear, explicit, extreme, terrifying stressor that was life threatening and outside ordinary bounds
  4. Stressors include combat, rape, being confined to concentration camp, experiencing a natural disaster.
  5. Those who develop acute stress disorder are at an increased risk of developing PTSD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Acute stress disorder

A
  1. Diagnostic category used when symptoms develop shortly after experiencing a traumatic event and last at least 2 days
  2. If symptoms persist longer than 4 weeks, diagnosis can be changed to PTSD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Clinical description of PTSD (4 parts)

A
  1. Intrusion: recurrent re experiencing of traumatic event through nightmares, intrusive images, and physiological reactivity to reminders of the trauma (does not include rumination)
  2. Avoidance: avoidance of thoughts, feelings, reminders of the trauma
  3. Negative cognitions and mood: symptoms as feelings of detachment, negative emotional states like anger, shame, or distorted blame for oneself or others
  4. Arousal and reactivity: hyper vigilance, excessive response when startled, aggression, reckless behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Treatment for PTSD

A
  1. Telephone hotlines
  2. Crisis intervention: brief duration therapy that focuses on immediate emotional problem
  3. Psychological debriefing: structured emotional support that encourages talking about experiences of crisis. No empirical evidence to support benefits
  4. Medications: antidepressants, antipsychotics
  5. Prolonged exposure: a CBT therapy, patient asked to repeat traumatic event over and over until a decrease in emotional response. Drop out rate high, long term effects not as long lasting as thought
  6. CBT: very effective approach, treatment gains continue after treatment has ended, drop out rate low.
  7. Virtual reality exposure: program customized to reflect soldiers traumatic experience. Shows substantial decreases in PTSD, preferred over talk therapy by soldiers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Difference between fear and anxiety

How are they related

A
  1. Anxiety involves a general feeling of apprehension about possible future danger, unpleasant emotions orientated to the future. It may prime persons for readiness to deal with danger should it occur. Anxiety actually enhances learning and performance in mild to moderate degrees. Anxiety disorders treated with medication and CBT
  2. Fear is an alarm reaction that occurs in response to immediate danger (activation of the fight or flight, instantaneous reaction)
  3. Anxiety disorders share symptoms of clinically significant fear or anxiety. Both responses are learned through conditioning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Phobias

A
  1. Most common anxiety disorder
  2. Persistent and disproportionate fear of some specific object or situation that presents little or no actual danger and yet leads to a great deal of avoidance of these feared situations
  3. Exposure therapy: best treatment for specific phobias: controlled exposure to the stimuli or situation that elicits phobic fear.
  4. Participant modeling: therapist models ways of interacting with phobic stimulus
  5. Virtual reality shows relative efficacy
  6. Cognitive restructuring and medications for social phobias and agoraphobia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mood disorders

A
  1. Involve much more severe alterations in mood for much longer periods of time
  2. Mania: intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria
  3. Depression: feelings of extraordinary sadness and dejection.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A
  1. Must be in a major depressive episode and never have had a manic, hypomanic, or mixed episode
  2. Must have 5 or more symptoms over a 2 week period every day for most of the day, and show change in previous functioning
  3. Depressed mood, loss of interest/pleasure, weight loss/gain, Sleep disturbances, feelings of worthlessness/ guilt, indecisiveness/ inability to concentrate, reoccurring thoughts of death
  4. High levels of comorbity between depressive and anxiety disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Manic episode vs. hypo manic episode

A
  1. Manic episode: elevated, euphoric or expansive mood, often interrupted by occasional outbursts of intense irritability or even violence. Mood must persist for at least a week plus 3 or more symptoms
  2. Hypomanic episode: milder form, abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least 4 days plus 3 or more symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mild and brief depression

A
  1. May actually be normal and adaptive in the long run
  2. Slowing us down saves energy in the pursuit of unobtainable goals
  3. Occur in people undergoing painful but common life events
  4. Usually always the result of recent stress, like loss of loved one or postpartum.
24
Q

Depression and how it relates to children

A
  1. Onset of unipolar depressive disorders occur during late adolescence (15-20%) up to middle adulthood
  2. 1-3% of school age children meet criteria, recurrence rate high
  3. Infants may experience form of depression if separated for prolonged period from attachment figure
25
Q

Postpartum depression

A
  1. Postpartum blues more common than major depression
  2. Symptoms include changeable mood, crying easily, sadness, and irritability, often liberally intermixed with happy feelings
  3. Occur in 50-70 percent of women within 10 days of the birth of their child, usually subside on their own
  4. Women no more at risk for major depression in the postpartum period than women who have not given birth
26
Q

Behavioral explanations of depression

A
  1. Developed in 70’ and 80’s, depression develops when people’s responses no longer produce positive reinforcement or when their rate of negative experiences increases (stressful life events)
  2. They do receive fewer positive verbal and social reinforcements from family and friends, and also experience more negative events
  3. Depression is not caused by these factors, might just maintain depression
  4. No longer very influential theory, although behavioral activation treatment seems to be very effective treatment for depression
27
Q

Bi-Polar I disorder

A
  1. Must exhibit 1 manic or mixed episode in the past for this diagnosis
  2. Mania includes: intense emotions of irritability, pressured speech, decreased need for sleep, flight of ideas/ racing thoughts, increase in goal directed activity, psychomotor agitation
  3. Manic episodes lasts about 3-5 days
  4. Treatment is usually an in-patient
  5. Potential to harm the self/others, psychotic features
  6. Mood disorder
28
Q

Bi-polar II

A
  1. Must have one or more major depressive episodes with at least one hypo manic episode (don’t often remember these manic episodes because they are not often as severe)
  2. Out-patient treatment more likely to see bi-polar II
  3. Mood disorder
29
Q

Treatment for bipolar disorder

A
  1. Many never seek treatment
  2. Antidepressant, mood stabilizing, antipsychotic drugs, lithium
  3. Electro convulsive therapy
  4. Transcranial magnetic stimulation
  5. Deep brain stimulation
  6. Bright light therapy
  7. Psychotherapy
  8. CBT
30
Q

People who attempt suicide

A
  1. 50-90% complete suicide during depressive episode or while in recovery phase
  2. Most common attempts are those between 18-24 yrs. and women three times as likely
  3. Most common completed attempts are those between 65 and over
31
Q

Somatic symptom disorder

A
  1. Group of conditions that involve physical symptoms (distress) combined with abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in response to those symptoms. Has to have one of the following:
  2. Disproportionate and persistent thoughts about about the seriousness of ones symptoms
  3. Persistent high level of anxiety about health or symptoms
  4. Excessive time and energy devoted to these symptoms or health concerns
  5. More likely to be female, nonwhite, less educated, low SES
  6. Usually begins in adolescence
  7. High comorbity
32
Q

Factitious disorder

A
  1. Intentionally produces psychological or physical symptoms (or both)
  2. Intention to obtain and maintain benefits playing sick provides, like attention, concern from family.
33
Q

Malingering

A
  1. Intentionally producing or grossly exaggerating physical symptoms and is motivated by external incentives such as avoiding work, military service, or evading criminal prosecution
34
Q

Hypochondriasis

A
  1. Preoccupation either with fears of contracting a serious disease or with the idea that of having that disease even though they do not.
  2. Occurs equally in men and women, can start at any age but early adulthood most common
  3. Individuals with hypochondriasis often also suffer from mood, panic or other types of somatic symptom disorders
35
Q

Conversion disorder and how it relates to malingering

A
  1. Most intriguing and baffling patterns in psychopathology, symptoms or deficits affecting the senses or motor behavior
  2. Not intentional or producing fake symptoms
  3. Psychological factors often judged to play a role, symptoms start preceding emotional or interpersonal conflict or stress
  4. Persons engaged in malingering consciously perpetrate fraud by faking symptoms and this is reflected in their demeanor, they are defensive, evasive, suspicious, reluctant to be examined, slow to talk about symptoms
  5. Those with conversion are very willing to discuss in excruciating detail their symptoms
36
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A
  1. Intense fear of becoming fat combined with behaviors that result in a significantly low body weight. 2 types
  2. Binge type, purge type or both: out of control consumption of food (4800+ calories in one sitting, 0.9% females, .30% males, lifetime prevalence) with compensatory behaviors like eliminating the food from your body (vomiting, laxative, etc)
  3. Restrictive type: every effort to limit the quantity of food consumed
  4. Comorbity with ocd
  5. Children as young as 7 but most likely 15-19 yrs. of age
37
Q

Symptoms of anorexia nervosa

A
  1. Brittle hair and nails
  2. Yellowish and dry hair/ skin
  3. Lanugo on face, back, skin, hair
  4. Malnourished
  5. Hair loss
  6. Damage to bowels, stomach
  7. Sensitivity to cold (no body fat, extremities)
  8. Low blood pressure
  9. Thymine deficiency > leads to depression
  10. Callous on hands
  11. Highest mortality rate of any other psychiatric disorder
  12. 15% higher mortality rate in females between ages 15-24
38
Q

Treatment of anorexia

A
  1. Treatment difficult because it is long term, patients resist
  2. Family therapy seemingly helpful if symptoms show before age 19
  3. CBT
  4. Motivational therapy
  5. Antidepressants occasionally (decreases binges and mood)
  6. Medications not helpful
  7. Sometimes self monitoring calories
  8. Pre made meals
39
Q

Binge eating disorder

A
  1. Is not obesity (medical term)
  2. Binge eating without compensatory behavior (purging, laxatives, excel use)
  3. Typically overweight
  4. Most common form of eating disorder
40
Q

Treatment for Bing Eating disorder

A
  1. Treat the depression that ties into the disorder
41
Q

Family dynamics of Eating disorders

A
  1. 1/3% percent report family dysfunction
  2. Many have parents with same eating problems
  3. High parental expectations
42
Q

Personality traits of people with eating disorders

A
  1. Perfectionism
  2. Pessimistic about the recovery (why treatment is difficult)
  3. Short term efforts (long term harder)
    4 negative body image
  4. Negative affect
  5. Childhood sexual abuse
  6. Dieting
43
Q

Parents of children with eating disorders

A
  1. Family dysfunction a contributing factor to eating disorders
  2. Family may be more rigid, less cohesive, poorer communication
  3. Parents may have preoccupations with desiring thinness, dieting and good physical appearance
  4. Parents have perfectionist tendencies
44
Q

Personality disorder

A
  1. Chronic interpersonal difficulties and problems with one’s identity or sense of self
  2. Have certain traits that are inflexible and maladaptive to the point of being unable to perform adequately in various roles in their society
45
Q

How does personality disorder develop?

A
  1. Gradual development
  2. Doing something over and over again (behaviorally) because it is serving some purpose
  3. Pervasive/ inflexible: difficult to treat
  4. Cause either clinical stress or impairments in function
46
Q

Etiology of personality disorder

A
  1. Gradual development of inflexible distorted personality and behavior patterns that result in persistently maladaptive ways of perceiving, thinking about, and relating to the world.
47
Q

Paranoid personality disorder

A
  1. suspicious, doesn’t trust other people, trouble w/peers, must have 4 or more of the following
  2. Suspects without sufficient cause that someone is harming them
  3. Unjustified doubts of loyalty with friends
  4. Reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benign events
  5. Persistently bears grudges, unforgiving of insults or injuries
  6. Recurrent suspicions of romantic relationship without any reason
  7. Cluster a (4 or more)
48
Q

Schizoid personality disorder

A
  1. Similar to autism or schizophrenia, needs 4 or more of the following
  2. Detachment from relationships (starts in early adulthood, persistent in variety of contexts)
  3. Consistent range of emotions
  4. Doesn’t desire close relationships including being part of a family
  5. Solitary activities
  6. Not interested in sex
  7. Pleasure in few activities
  8. Shows emotional closeness
  9. Cluster A (4 or more)
49
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder

A
  1. Excessively introverted
  2. Odd beliefs, magical thinking
  3. Odd thinking and speech
  4. Inappropriate affect
  5. Behavior odd, eccentric
  6. Lack of close friends
  7. Excessive social anxiety
  8. Suspicious, paranoid ideation
  9. Pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits, discomfort with close relationships
  10. Cluster A (5 or more)
50
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A
  1. Cluster B (5 or more)
  2. Excessive emotionality and attention seeking
  3. Uncomfortable not being center of attention
  4. Sexually seductive and provocative
  5. Rapid shifting shallow expression of emotion
  6. Physical appearance to draw attention to oneself
  7. Speech impressionistic and lacking detail
  8. Self dramatization, theatricality, exaggeration
  9. Is suggestible
  10. Insiders relationships closer than they are
51
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A
  1. Grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy,
  2. Grand Self importance
  3. Fantasies of success, power, brilliance, beauty
  4. Belief one is special, only hang with high status people
  5. Requires excessive adoration
  6. Sense of entitlement
  7. Exploitative, takes advantage of others
  8. Envious of others
  9. Arrogant
  10. Cluster B (5 or more)
52
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A
  1. Cluster B (3 or more)
  2. Violate and disregard rights of others through deceit, aggressive, behavior w/o remorse or loyalty to anyone
  3. Impulsive, irritable, irresponsible
  4. Failure to conform to society, lack of respect to law
  5. Reckless regard for safety of self and others
  6. Lack of remorse
  7. At least 18 yrs. old
  8. Evidence of conduct disorder before age 15
  9. High proportion incarcerated
  10. Elevated suicide risk
53
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A
  1. Cluster B (5 or more)
  2. Instability of interpersonal relationships, self image, affects, impulsivity
  3. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
  4. Unstable and intense interpersonal relationships
  5. Identity disturbance
  6. Self damaging, mutilating, suicidial, substance abuse
  7. Chronic feelings of emptiness
  8. Inappropriate anger
  9. Stress related paranoid ideation
54
Q

Avoidant personality disorder

A
  1. Cluster C (4 or more)
  2. Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitive to negative evaluation
  3. Avoids occupational activities, fear of criticism
  4. Unwilling to get involved with people unless liked
  5. Restraint within intimate relationships
  6. Preoccupied with being criticized or rejected
  7. Views the self socially inept
  8. Takes no personal risks
55
Q

Dependent personality disorder

A
  1. Excessive need to be taken care of, submissive, clinging, fears separation
  2. Difficulty making decisions without excessive advice
  3. Needs others to assume responsibility for life
  4. Difficulty expressing disagreement with others
  5. Difficulty initiating projects
  6. Needs to obtain nurturance and support from others
  7. Uncomfortable, helpless when alone
  8. Urgently seeks relationship
  9. Preoccupied with fears of being left to take care of self
  10. Cluster C (5 or more)
56
Q

Obsessive compulsive personality disorder

A
  1. Cluster C (4 or more)
  2. Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, mental control
  3. Preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization
  4. Perfectionism interferes with task completion
  5. Excessive devotion to work, productivity
  6. Unable to discard worthless objects
  7. Reluctant to delegate tasks
  8. Money is hoarded
  9. Rigid and stubborn
57
Q

Difference between antisocial personality and psychopathy

A
  1. Psychopathy: lack of remorse, empathy, guilt, superficial charm, grandiose sense of self worth, pathological lying. Antisocial, impulsive, social deviance, need for stimulation, poor behavior controls, irresponsibility, parasitic lifestyle.
  2. Psychopathy do not generally get into trouble with the law, they may be predatory business, professional, manipulative lawyers, evangelists, crooked politicians
58
Q

Psychotic symptoms

A
  1. Characterized by loss of contact with reality and delusions (false beliefs) or hallucinations (false sensory perceptions)

from flashcardlet (65 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions