BioPsych. Ch.14

Question 0

Valence

Answer 0

A positive (attractive) or negative (aversive) reaction to an object or event.

Question 1

Emotion
What are advantages?
(4)

Answer 1

A combination of physical sensation and the conscious experience of a feeling.

1. Accompanied by activation of the Autonomic nervous system, amygdala, cingulate cortex, and cerebral cortex.
2. Contributes to general arousal that’s helps predict performance
3. Manages our approach and withdrawal behaviors in response to external stimuli.
4. Enhance survival by helping us communicate.

Question 2

Nonverbal Communication

Where do we pay most attention?

Answer 2

The use of facial expressions, gestures, and body language to communicate ideas and feelings. We pay the most attention to the eyes.

Question 3

Facial Nucleus

3

Answer 3

1. One of two cranial nerve nuclei, located at the level of the pons, that control the facial nerves.
2. They do not communicate directly with each other.
3. Receives input from primary motor cortex (frontal lobe) and subcortical motor areas.

Question 4

How is the face controlled?

Answer 4

1. Upper face controlled by ipsilateral and contralateral facial nerves.
2. Lower two thirds of face controlled by the contralateral facial nerve.
3. Injury of motor cortex in one hemisphere has little impact on upper face.
4. Injury of motor cortex in one hemisphere results in paralysis to contralateral lower face (sag).
5. Two pathways: motor cortex controlling voluntary expression and subcortical system controlling spontaneous expression.
6. Those with Parkinson’s unable to express spontaneous emotion.

Question 5

Infants who are highly reactive/ low reactive to environmental stimuli are…?

Answer 5

1. At greater risk for anxiety and mood disorders later in life.
2. Higher tendency toward antisocial behavior.

Question 6

Differences in amygdala

2

Answer 6

1. Individuals with major depressive disorder show higher levels of activity in the amygdala than those without MDD.
2. Those with higher amygdala activity in response to viewing negative photos also reported more negative mood.

Question 7

Polygraph

3

Answer 7

1. A lie-detector test based on measures of automatic arousal.
2. Unreliable, innocent people may be aroused from being accused of a crime.
3. FMRI may be used in the future to detect changes in brain activation during lying

Question 8

Lying

6

Answer 8

1. Lying is difficult because it requires short term memory, which is not reliable.
2. We add um’s and uh’s
3. Stiff head and upper body
4. Nod head less frequently and do not use hand gestures
5. Inappropriate laughing and smiling
6. Feet swing

Question 9

James-Lange Theory

(4)

Answer 9

1. A theory of emotion in which a person’s physical state provides cues for the identification of an emotional state. (Sequence of events).
2. Physical states are highly distinct and related to a specific feeling.
3. Variation is facial feedback theory - intentional facial movements can stimulate physical responses and emotional states. Ex. Maori Haka, fierce facial expressions, and body movements to stimulate mood for battle.
4. Bridge experiment kind of proved weakness of this theory.

Question 10

Empathy

3

Answer 10

1. The ability to relate to the feelings of another person.
2. Imitating facial expressions (mimicry) of others contributes to empathy.
3. Emotions are easy to identify when your emotion matches the person you are observing.

Question 11

Catharsis

3

Answer 11

1. The relief of tension through the expression of emotion.
2. Dates back to Aristotle and Freud.
3. Expressing emotion is more likely to enhance than reduce your feelings.

Question 12

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 12

1. A theory of emotion in which the simultaneous activation of physical responses and the recognition of subjective feeling occur independently.
2. Very similar by to James- Lange theory, but physical response and feelings happens at the same time.

Question 13

Schachter-Singer Theory
(Two factor theory)
(3)

Answer 13

1. A theory of emotion in which general arousal leads to cognitive assessment of the context, which in turn leads to the identification of an emotional state.
2. No specific set of physical responses for each emotion, like Jamese-Lange.
3. Injection experiment proved weakness for this theory, many emotional states appear to be associated with distinct patterns of physical arousal.

Question 14

Contemporary theory of emotion

Answer 14

1. Combination of James- Lange and Schachter- Singer, highly specific response leads to identified recognition by the cerebral cortex whereas least specific response leads to general arousal and processing of the interpretation of the feeling

Question 15

Somatic Marker

3

Answer 15

1. An association formed between stimuli and resulting patterns of physical activation.
2. Ventro medial prefrontal cortex forms associations between somatic markers and facts about the situation that elicited them.
3. Maps the external world to color situations as positive or negative.

Question 16

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 16

ANS- controls organs and glands, participates in general arousal of emotional states, answers to hypothalamus. Ex. Heart rate, finger temperature, muscle activity produces different patterns in response to different emotional states. Specific emotional differences cannot be linked but general emotions like positive or negative emotions can. Negative emotions are stronger than positive.

Question 16

Biological happenings of emotion

Answer 16

1. Accompanied by activation of the Autonomic nervous system, amygdala, cingulate cortex, and cerebral cortex.

Question 17

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Answer 17

A collection of symptoms, including tameness, extreme sexual behavior, and oral exploration, that results from damage to the temporal lobes, and the amygdala in particular.

Question 18

Amygdala

6

Answer 18

1. Amygdala- process emotion, reward, motivation, learning, memory, and attention.
2. Participates in exploration of social environment and interpreting the results.
3. When lesioned we can not express or identify emotion. Damage produced reduction in fear, anxiety and aggression. Patient SM, damage to amygdala, unable to draw ‘fear’ unless instructed to evaluate the eyes of someone in fearful state. (Autistic individuals need instruction to look at the eyes as well).
4. Has a ‘fear circuit’ that accounts for quick automatic focus like dangerous situations.
5. Damage interrupts previously learned fear responses and prevents new learning of new sources of danger.
6. Processes negative emotional responses, greater activation of amygdala when viewing fearful expression vs. happy expression.

Question 19

Cingulate cortex

2

Answer 19

1. Gateway between amygdala and cerebral cortex.
2. Anterior- communicates about physical pain and processing of emotions losing and social pain. Social exclusion activated same area of cingulate cortex as does physical pain.

Question 20

Cerebral cortex

Answer 20

1. Damaged cortex and frontal lobes causes emotional disturbances, difficulty making and following through on plans, reduction of fear and anxiety. Frontal lobotomies, separation of frontal lobes from the rest of brain, used in 1940s and 50s for schizophrenia, depression, anxiety. Did reduce anxiety but included seizures, lack of inhibition, impulsivity, lack of initiation.
2. In most, left hemisphere activity is correlated with positive emotion and right hemisphere correlated with negative emotion. Left hem. damage causes depression, right hem. damage causes cheerfulness.
3. For many right hem. processes emotion more than left hem. The left part of a visual field will be processed by the right hem.
4. Info presented to left ear is processed more rapidly by right hem. and info presented to right ear is processed faster by left hem. (Meaning of language in left hem, emotional aspect of language in right hem).
5. Left side of face is usually more expressive than right, especially lower face due to contralateral control of lower face.

Question 21

Electrical Self-Stimulation of the Brain (ESB)

Answer 21

A behavior engaged in willingly by research subjects that leads to electrical stimulation of certain parts of the brain.

Question 22

Medial Forebrain Bundle (MFB)

Answer 22

A fiber pathway that is a major site for electrical self-stimulation. The MFB connects the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area with higher forebrain structures, including the hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens.

Question 23

Aggression

Answer 23

The international initiation of a hostile or destructive act.

Question 24

Sham Rage

Answer 24

A violent reaction to normally innocuous stimuli following removal of the cerebral cornices.

Question 25

Stress

Answer 25

An unpleasant and disruptive state resulting from the perception of danger or threat.

Question 26

Stressor

Answer 26

A source of stress.

Question 27

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 27

A three-stage model for describing the body’s response to stress developed by Hans Selye.

Question 28

Alarm Reaction

Answer 28

The first stage of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome, characterized by activation of the sympathetic nervous system and mental alertness.

Question 29

Resistance Stage

Answer 29

The second stage in Selye’s General Adaption Syndrome, characterized by the person’s efforts to maintain normal activities while coping with stress.

Question 30

Exhaustion Stage

Answer 30

The final stage of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome, characterized by extremely low reserves of strength and energy.

Question 31

Stria Terminals

Answer 31

A pathway carrying information from the amygdala to the hypothalamus.

Question 32

Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminals

Answer 32

A group of neurons that receive input from the amygdala and active the HPA axis.

Question 33

Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

Answer 33

A hormone released by the hypothalamus that signals the release of ACTH by the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 34

Immune System

Answer 34

The system used by the body to defend against bacteria, viruses and other foreign substances.

Question 35

Iymphocyte

Answer 35

A white blood cell; an important feature of the immune system.