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From Flashcardlet > BioPsych. Ch. 4 > Flashcards

BioPsych. Ch. 4 Flashcards

0
Q

Neuromodulator

A

A chemical messenger that communicates with target cells more distant than the synapse by diffusing away from the point of release.

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1
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical messenger that communicates across a synapse.

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2
Q

Nerohormone

A

A chemical messenger that communicates with target cells at great distance, often by traveling through the circulation.

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3
Q

Small-Molecule Transmitter

A

One of a group of chemical messengers that includes amino acids and amines. Fast neurotransmission, synthesized in axon terminal, recycles vesicals, moderate action potential frequency, deactivated by reuptake and enzymes.

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4
Q

Neuropeptide

A

A peptide that acts as a neurotransmitter, a neuromodulator, or neurohormone. Slow process of neuromodulation, synthesized inn the cell body and requires transportation, no recycling of vesicles, high levels of calcium action potential frequency, diffuse away from synapse.

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5
Q

Amino Acid

A

An essential component of proteins.

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6
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

A major small-molecule neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction, in the autonomic nervous system, and in the central nervous system. Referred to as cholinergic neurons. These neurons likely to deteriorate Asa result of Alzheimer’s disease. These neutrons participate in learning and memory.

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7
Q

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

A

An enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitters acetylcholine.

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8
Q

Nicotinic Receptor

A

A postsynaptic receptor that responds to nicotine and ACh. Fast ionotropic receptors. Less common in CNS and ANS.

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9
Q

Muscarinic Receptor

A

A postsynaptic receptor that responds to both ACh and muscarine. Common in CNS and also found in ANS.

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10
Q

Monoamine

A

One of a major group of biogenic amine neurotransmitters, including dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin. Subject to reuptake at synaptic gap. In axon terminal monoamines not encased in vesicles are broken down by MAO.

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11
Q

Catecholamine

A

A member of a group of related biogenic amines that includes dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.

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12
Q

Indoleamine

A

One of a subgroup of monoamines, including serotonin and melatonin.

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13
Q

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

A

An enzyme that breaks down monoamines.

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14
Q

L-Dopa

A

A substance produced during the synthesis of catecholamines that is also administered as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease.

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15
Q

Dopamine

A

A major monoamine and catecholamine neurotransmitter implicated in motor control, reward, and psychosis. Involved with reinforcement and planning. Those with Parkinson’s disease have damaged dopaminergic pathways in the brain.

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16
Q

Norepinephrine

A

A major monoamines and catecholamine neurotransmitters. Secreted from medulla, pons and hypothalamus, and locus Coeruleus. Metabotropic.

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17
Q

Epinephrine

A

One of the monoamines/ catecholamine neurotransmitters; also known as adrenaline. Adrenalin rush secreted from adrenal glands into blood supply. Metabotropic.

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18
Q

Serotonin

A

A major monoamine and indoleamine neurotransmitter believed to participate in the regulation of mood, sleep, and appetite. Most located at Raphe nuclei. Most metabotropic.

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19
Q

Glutamate

A

A major excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter. AKA glutamic acid, builds other proteins. Extended action of glutamate on neurons is toxic. Ionotropic or metabotropic.

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20
Q

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

A

A major inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter.

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21
Q

Adenosine

A

A byproduct of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that functions as a neurotransmitter.

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22
Q

Nitric Oxide (NO)

A

A gas that performs a type of signaling between neurons.

23
Q

Agonist

A

Substance that promotes the activity of a neurotransmitter.

24
Q

Antagonist

A

Substance that reduce the action of a neurotransmitter.

25
Q

Reserpine

A

A substance derived from a plant that depletes supplies of monoamine by interfering with the uptake of monoamines into synaptic vesicles; used to treat high blood pressure but often produces depression.

26
Q

Botulism

A

A fatal condition produced by bacteria in spoiled find, in which a toxin produced by the bacteria prevents the release of ACh.

27
Q

Curare

A

A substance derived from Amazonian plants that causes paralysis by blocking the nicotinic ACh receptor.

28
Q

Benzodiazepine

A

A major tranquilizer that acts as a GABA agonist.

29
Q

Reuptake Inhibitor

A

Substances that interferes with the transport of released neurotransmitter molecules back into the presynaptic terminal.

30
Q

Area Postrema

A

A brainstem area, in which the blood-brain barrier is more permeable, the triggers vomiting in response to the detection of circulating toxins.

31
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Perceived benefit from inactive substances or procedures.

32
Q

Double-Blind Experiment

A

A research design in which neither the participant nor the experimenter knows whether the participant is receiving a drug or a placebo until after the research is concluded.

33
Q

Tolerance

A

The process in which more of a drug is needed to produce the same effect.

34
Q

Withdrawal

A

The symptoms that occur when certain addictive drugs are no longer administered or are administered in smaller quantities.

35
Q

Addiction

A

A compulsive craving for drug effects or other experience.

36
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

A dopaminiergic structure believed to participate in reward and addiction.

37
Q

Psychoactive Drug

A

A drug that produces changes in mental processes.

38
Q

Caffeine

A

A stimulant drug found in coffee,tea, cola, and chocolate that acts as an antagonist to adenosine.

39
Q

Nicotine

A

A stimulant drug that is the major active component found in tobacco.

40
Q

Cocaine

A

A powerful, addictive dopamine agonist derived from the leaves of the coca plant of South America.

41
Q

Amphetamine

A

A highly addictive drug that acts as a potent dopamine agonist.

42
Q

Methamphetamine

A

A variation of amphetamine that is cheaply produced and widely abused in the United States.

43
Q

Ecstasy (MDMA)

A

A close relative of amphetamine that produces its behavioral effects by stimulating the release of serotonin.

44
Q

Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)

A

An illegal liquid sedative that appears to affect the threshold of response for a number of neurotransmitters.

45
Q

Morphine

A

A compound extracted from opium, used to treat pain.

46
Q

Codeine

A

An opium derivative used medicinally for cough suppression and pain relief.

47
Q

Opiate

A

An active substance derived from the opium poppy.

48
Q

Endorphin

A

A naturally occurring neuropeptide that is very closely related to opioids.

49
Q

Tetrahydrocannabinol

A

The major ingredient of cannabis.

50
Q

Anandamide

A

A naturally occurring brain chemical that interacts with cannabinoid receptors.

51
Q

Sn-2 Arachidonylglycerol (2-AG)

A

A possible candidate for a naturally occurring cannabinoid in the nervous system.

52
Q

Mescaline

A

The active hallucinogenic ingredient found in the peyote cactus.

53
Q

Phencyclidine (PCP)

A

A hallucinogen that acts as an antagonist at the NMDA glutamate receptor.

54
Q

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)

A

A hallucinogenic drug that resembles serotonin.

55
Q

St. John’s Wort

A

An herb that is frequently used to self-treat mild depression.

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