Sociology- gender idetites Flashcards
Gender identities
Definition of sex?
The biological differences between males and females.
Definition of gender?
The cultural classification of people as masculine or feminine, society lays out these expectations.
definition of social constructionism?
when smt is defined by society.
Parsons (functionalist)-Traditional gender identities
-‘Instrument roles’ are providers and breadwinners
-‘Expressive role’: women care and look after their home and children.
-Believe men and women have a function in society
Oakley- Traditional gender identities
Children are socialised into expectations through manipulation, Canalisation, Verbal appellations, different activities
McRobbie-Traditional gender identities
’ Bedroom culture’- girls spend their leisure time with friends in their bedroom.
-Boys are given more freedom than girls, they are more protected.
-‘culture of femininity- friendship and shared culture with girls.
Lincoln-Traditional gender identities
-Updated McRobbie’s research.
-Girls are no longer as private because the internet is more common.
-bedroom culture still existed.
Nakuamura-Traditional gender identities
media - stereotype women,
discrimination and inequality they face, as the internet has become increasingly more used by women of different ethnic/class backgrounds.
Billington-Traditional gender identities
Presents masculinity as dominant and femininity as subordinate.
definition of hegemonic femininity
traditional style of femininity with characteristics of being passive, subordinate, and quiet.
Ferguson
-‘the cult of femininity’ promotes the idea that excellence is achieved through caring for others.
Skelton
-hidden curriculum perpetuates differences in subject choice, and gendered content may reinforce gender expectations.
Kelly
Argues that subjects are more patriarchal and male-dominated and that boys dominate science classrooms
Colley
Argues that school subject choices are based on perceptions of gender roles, subject preferences, and learning environments.
Adkins
coined the phrases horizontal segregation- labor market divided men and women have specific jobs, and vertical segregation- the workforce is split having men at the top of the hierarchy and women at the bottom.
MITSOS AND BROWNE
Argued boys and girls are labeled differently. the anti-learning culture socialized boys into gender roles that were distinctly different from girls.
Willis
Working-class boys developed an anti-school subculture that prioritized deviance rather than education.
sewell
argued Afro-Carribean men who lacked positive male role models expressed and exaggerated from of masculinity. hyper masculinity
Sharpe
in the 1970s girls prioritized love, marriage, husbands, and children. 1990s girls’ priorities changed to jobs, careers, and supporting themselves
Jackson
had discovered the concept of ‘laddetts’, a female version of the lad who strays from the norms of the traditional feminine identity.
Nixion
the ‘new man’ concept is traced back to Levi’s ‘Launderette’ advert which encouraged men to spend more time and money on their appearance.
Mort
men’s consumption had increased due to the ‘launderette’ advert.
Connell
Argues different forms of masculinity have changed over time. Coined ‘hegemonic masculinity’, ‘complicit masculinity’ (new man), ‘subordinate masculinity’, and ‘marginalized masculinity’
Easthorpe
Media socialises boys into view that masculinity is based of strength, aggression and competition.
