Ethnic identities

Question 1

what is race?

Answer 1

the perceived biological or physical differences between groups e.g. skin colour.

Question 2

what is ethnicity?

Answer 2

cultural differences

Question 3

what is emigration?

Answer 3

moving out of a country

Question 4

what is immigration?

Answer 4

moving into a country

Question 5

what is cultural homogenisation?

Answer 5

spread of global culture
e.g. food chains like KFC, and tech brands like Apple.

Question 6

what is cultural diversity?

Answer 6

variety of different cultures who live in separate communities. based around ethnicity, sexuality and moral principles.
e.g. china town, southall

Question 7

what is cultural hybridity?

Answer 7

mixing of 2 cultures to create new cultures and identities.

Question 8

what is multiculturalsim?

Answer 8

concept that UK society is made up of a variety of different ethnic groups and cultures.
e.g. world food isles

Question 9

what are some push factors?

Answer 9

poor employment
ethnic cleansing
poverty
natural disasters
marriage opportunities
war
pollution
political oppression
poor education/healthcare

Question 10

what are some pull factors?

Answer 10

good employment/wages
marriage opportunities
political/religious freedom
security
education
climate
good healthcare
better living conditions/ opportunities

Question 11

what do Cashmore and Tyrone talk about/
?
(family/peer group)

Answer 11

discovered that immigrants were facing discrimination in housing, workplace, and education.
responded by ‘turning inwards’ -creating communities with people from the same ethnic backgrounds as them.

Question 12

what does Hebdrige talk about about the family?

Answer 12

‘Rastafarianism’ is seen as a religion in Jamaica but UK youths adopt it as a subculture, to resist racism.

Question 13

family- what does Ghuman talk about?

Answer 13

Tradition and religion were important in second-generation Asian families.
-children are socialised by extended fam.
-they reinforce traditinal ethnic identities through language, culture and norms.

Question 14

Family- what does Anwar talk about?

Answer 14

-Family is a source of conflict for children immersed in Western cultures.
-creates a ‘culture clash’ as parents argue the importance of honour and reputation.

Question 15

Family- what did Butler talk about?

Answer 15

the family leave the responsibility of communtitys future on girls.
- 2nd gen muslims experince tension between brirtish and asian culures.

Question 16

Education- Driver and Ballad

Answer 16

Argue Indian families value their children’s education.
-push them to high ambition and to get the best grades.

Question 17

Education- Archer and Francis

Answer 17

cultural factors explain the success of British Chinese students.
-Chinese parents play a strong role in developing child academic success.
- push for higher education and invest time and money in supporting children.

Question 18

Education- Coard

Answer 18

Education is institutionally racist and ethnocentric.
-argues curriculum is based on one viewpoint, ignoring others.
-white history and literature dominate the curriculum.

Question 19

what does ethnocentric mean?

Answer 19

curriculum reflects the dominant culture of society.

Question 20

Education- what does Gillborn argue?

Answer 20

argue teachers are institutionally racist to black boys.
they are negatively stereotyped and labeled.
self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 21

Media- What does Alexander argue?

Answer 21

That Asian youths in East London are unfairly targeted by police/media.
-Asian boys were criminalised as a result of Islamaphobia and clashes between black and Asian gangs that the media exaggerated.

Question 22

Media-What did Hual argue?

Answer 22

films portray black people as natives, entertainers, or slaves.
-coined the term ‘ white eye’, how we see ethnic minorities as directors want us to see them which are not true reflections.

Question 23

Media- What did Moghissi argue?

Answer 23

argues Muslims are huddled together in the media. From moral panic caused by 9/11 and 7/11.
-Muslim women are present as honor-killing victims
-Muslim men are stereotyped as terrorists.

Question 24

Media- What does Sewell argue?

Answer 24

argues black boys from single-parent families look for role models like rappers.
they imitate the hypermasculinity and objectification of women these rappers teach them.

the peer group is a ‘cultural comfort zone’ because the boys share similar backgrounds and seek comfort from one another.

Question 25

changing identities - Les Back

Answer 25

found new ‘hybrid identities’ from a study on 2 council estates in south London.
The black, white Asian youths tried out new ‘cultural masks’ and ‘cultural borrowing’

Question 26

changing identities - Gill

Answer 26

supported Les Back, his research into british asian students led to the concept of ‘Blasian’-adopted black styles, whihc he argued was further evidence of hybrid identities.

Question 26

changing identities - Burdsey

Answer 26

In his study of 2nd and 3rd gen british asian footballers, discovered ‘code-switching’ where they had an Asian identity with parents but a white identity with peers. Suggested asians wear a ‘white mask’

Question 26

changing identities - Nayak

Answer 26

Studied white W/C males and described them as ‘wangstas’, ‘white wannabes’, and ‘wiggers’ for adopting the style and language of black culture.