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Sociology - Crime and Deviance > Sociology - C&D - Social distribution - Social Class > Flashcards

Sociology - C&D - Social distribution - Social Class Flashcards

1
Q

Who studied prisoner frequency and the working class background

A

Williams (2012)

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2
Q

How did Williams (2012) conduct research on behalf of the Ministry of Justice?

A

Used a longitudinal survey and studied prisoner over a 4 year period.

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3
Q

How many prisoners did Williams (2012) study?

A

3849

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4
Q

What general characteristics did Williams (2012) find prisoners to have?

A
  • Had run away from home - Experienced violence/drug/alcohol misuse - Working class background
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5
Q

What educational characteristics did Williams (2012) find prisoners to have?

A

No qualifications - Low numeracy and literacy skills - 59% truanted - 42% excluded

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6
Q

What family characteristics did Williams (2012) find prisoners to have?

A

24% had been in care - 29% experienced abuse - 41% violence in the home - 84% had a family member that had been in prison or YOI

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7
Q

What is an advantage of Williams (2012) study?

A

Large sample size so it’s representative and can be generalised so can inform policy

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8
Q

What is a disadvantage of Williams (2012) study?

A

Longitudinal study so costly and time consuming and may have people dropping out of the study, reducing the sample.

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9
Q

What did Murray and Jones (1989) study?

A

The underclass and crime scene

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10
Q

What cultural explanation did Murray (and Jones (1989)) develop for the type of person that commits crime?

A

Because they belong to the underclass so do not share the same norms and values as the rest of society.

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11
Q

What does Murray (and Jones (1989)) blame for crime?

A

The generosity of the welfare state; making it possible for young parents to have an opportunity to commit crime.

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12
Q

What does (Murray and) Jones (1989) suggest about he growing underclass in run down areas in American cities?

A

It leads to gang formation whose members take drugs and commit violent crime

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13
Q

What does Taylor (1997) believe has led to the underclass?

A

The marketisation of American and British society and the declining demand for unskilled labour

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14
Q

Why does Taylor (1997) believe young, unskilled working class males are likely to commit crime?

A

They have been particularly affected by long term inequality and declining job opportunities

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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of Murray and Jones (1989) ideas of the underclass?

A
  • Tham (1998) criticises it - Mooney (1998) criticises it
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16
Q

Why does Tham (1998) criticise the research conducted by Murray?

A

He compared welfare policies and crime rates in Britain and Sweden in the 1980-90s, in Sweden there was less inequality and less use of imprisonment and had generous welfare payments. However, crime rate was higher in Britain, contradicting Murray’s ideas.

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17
Q

Why does Mooney (1998) criticise Murray’s work?

A

She examined the role of single parenthood to see if it was associated with criminality, finding no evidence to support it. Mooney identifies the issue with poverty causing crime. Single parents were 20% more likely to be victims of crime (all women)

18
Q

Who studied the Saints and the Roughnecks?

A

Chambliss (1973), a Marxist sociologist.

19
Q

Who and what did Chambliss (1973) study?

A

“The saints and the roughnecks”, studied two high school gangs of boys to look at social class and crime and its impact on labelling, lasting two years.

20
Q

What did “The Saints” gang consist of?

A

8 young men who were white and upper class

21
Q

What did “The Saints” do?

A

Truanted from school, involved with drinking and vandalism but didn’t get arrested. Chose carefully where to display acts of delinquency.

22
Q

What did “The Saints” utilise to negotiate ways out of lessons, cheat on tests and homework and gain high grades?

A

Status and good reputation

23
Q

What did the gang “The Roughnecks” consist of?

A

6 boys from the lower class

24
Q

What did “The Roughnecks” do?

A

In constant trouble with the police and the community, were seen as typical gang members. Subject to community vigilance and police aware of their delinquency.

25
Q

Why did Chambliss believe the “Roughnecks” were more noticed in terms of crime?

A

Due to labelling as the bright males who had a good reputation and were more disciplined (Saints) seem to be invisible and did not get arrested compared to the poor, non-mobile and tough males.

26
Q

What view does Sutherland challenge?

A

That crime is a working class problem

27
Q

What does Sutherland focus on?

A

White collar crime, as he believes the financial cost of white collar crime is several times greater than that of working class crime.

28
Q

What three types of white collar crime does Sutherland identify?

A

Occupational, Corporate and State

29
Q

Occupational crime

A

criminal offense committed through opportunities created in a legal business or occupation

30
Q

Corporate crime

A

crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation

31
Q

State crime

A

Criminal acts committed by state and government officials.

32
Q

What does white collar crime refer to?

A

Crimes committed by people in management positions who use their financial and political power to escape arrest and conviction.

33
Q

How does Croall define white collar crime?

A

Crime committed by a person of high social status and respectability in the course of his occupation

34
Q

Why is white collar crime unlikely to be reported in victim surveys?

A

People are unaware that they are a victim or they may not want to publicise it

35
Q

What did Croall work on?

A

White collar crime

36
Q

How is white collar crime usually dealt with, as suggested by Croall?

A

Administratively by various boards

37
Q

In March 2022, how much had Action Fraud reported a rise in fraud related crime since 2021?

A

36% rise with more than 420,000

38
Q

In 2021/22 how many workers died due to fatal injuries at their workplace in Great Britain?

A

123 workers

39
Q

How many deaths were caused by asbestos related illness in 2021?

A

500

40
Q

What are the disadvantages of white collar crime?

A

Croall, members of the public don’t take it seriously - less likely to be caught by police, Interpretivists - Box argues corporate crime is more serious than we realise

41
Q

Why do interpretivists (labelling) theorist say that white collar crime is less likely to be caught?

A

Upper and middle class people do not fit the “criminal stereotype” and they would be less likely to arouse suspicious

Sociology - Crime and Deviance (11 decks)

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