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NMAT > Sociology > Flashcards

Sociology Flashcards

1
Q

Three major sociological paradigms

A

structural-functional approach (macro), social-conflict approach (macro), symbolic-interaction approach (micro)

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2
Q

Structural-functional approach

A

sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

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3
Q

Social-conflict approach

A

sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change (understands society and reduce social inequality)

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4
Q

Symbolic-interaction approach

A

sees society as the product of everyday interactions of individuals

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5
Q

Material culture

A

material and tangible objects that distinguish a group of people (ex. architecture, cuisine, clothing)

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6
Q

Non-material culture

A

a group’s way of thinking or doing (ex. language, beliefs)

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7
Q

Elements of culture

A

social organization
customs and tradition
language
religion
arts and literature
forms of government
economic systems

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8
Q

Social status

A

position a person occupies within the social structure and is often closely linked to social class - lead the roles we play

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9
Q

Ascribed status

A

conferred at birth or received involuntarily

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10
Q

Achieved status

A

social position voluntarily assumed as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort

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11
Q

Master status

A

most important status a person occupies

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12
Q

Social roles

A

behavior of a specific status - roles we play come with certain expectations how to play them

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13
Q

Role conflict

A

occurs when incompatible demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time

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14
Q

Role strain

A

occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person holds

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15
Q

Stigmas

A

mark of disgraced associated with a particular status, quality, or person

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16
Q

Social groups

A

two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence

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17
Q

Primary group

A

small
less specialized
f2f, emotion-based, extended interactions
ex. family

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18
Q

Secondary group

A

larger
more specialized group
impersonal, goal-oriented relationship over a limited period of interaction

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19
Q

In Groups

A

a group I feel positively toward and to which I actually belong

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20
Q

Out-Groups

A

one to which I don’t belong and do not feel very positively toward

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21
Q

Reference groups

A

person or group that serves as a point of comparison or reference for an individual in the formation of either general or specific values, attitudes, or behavior

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22
Q

Organizations

A

large secondary groups designed to accomplish specific tasks in an efficient manner

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23
Q

Weber’s characteristics of bureaucracy

A

division of labor, hierarchy of authority, rules and regulations, technical qualifications, impersonality

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24
Q

Impersonality

A

workers perform “without hatred or passion”

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25
Q

Social institutions

A

set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs - provide for patterned relationships

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26
Q

Traditional institutions

A

family, religion, education, the economy and the government

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27
Q

Emergent institutions

A

mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military

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28
Q

Social stratification

A

system of structured social inequality and the structure of mobility - concerned with the ranking of people based on an objective criteria usually wealth, power and/or prestige

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29
Q

Functionalism

A

stratification is the result of some kind of functional balance and aids in the smooth functioning of society

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30
Q

Conflict theory

A

Social inequality is rooted in a system that is more likely to reward you based on where you start than based on your abilities

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31
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

a person’s particular social class affects how he or she discusses class in general

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32
Q

Marx and Class

A

class and stratification are linked to capitalism (protelariat and bourgeoisie)

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33
Q

Weber and Class

A

stratification is based on wealth, power, and prestige

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34
Q

Collective behavior

A

an activity involving a large number of people that is unplanned, often controversial, and sometimes dangerous (ex. silent vigils to loud political protests)

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35
Q

Localized collectivities (crowd)

A

collectivities whose members are in close physical proximity

36
Q

Dispersed collectivities (mass behavior)

A

involve people who are not in each other’s immediate physical presence but react emotionally to a similar stimulus

37
Q

Folkway (Types of Social Norms)

A

norms that stems from and organizes casual interactions

38
Q

More (Types of Social Norms)

A

norm that structures the difference between right and wrong

39
Q

Taboo (Types of Social Norms)

A

strong negative norm;

40
Q

Law (Types of Social Norms)

A

norm that is formally inscribed at the state or federal level

41
Q

What are the 3 structures of the mind? [Freud]

A

Id (primal; instinct)
Ego (reality)
Superego (morality)

42
Q

Erikson’s 5th Stage

A

Adolescence (13-20 years old)
Virtue: Identity
Identity vs. Role Confusion

43
Q

Hallmark of Sensorimotor Stage

A

0-2 years old
Primary to Tertiary Circular Reactions
Understanding of Object Permanence (End)

44
Q

What is the open class system?

A

Mobility
Achievement-based
Social relations between classes

45
Q

What are the 2 types under explicit memory?

A

Episodic: events and experiences
Semantic: facts and concepts

46
Q

What are the 6 basic emotions?

A

Anger
Fear
Disgust
Joy
Surprise
Sadness

47
Q

What is the outward expression of something inside?

A

Emotions

48
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

Transition from short term to long term memory

49
Q

What is sublimation?

A

Transforming unacceptable needs to acceptable actions

50
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex do?

A

Executive functions - planning, decisions, control

51
Q

What is the relay center of the brain?

A

thalamus

52
Q

What are the types of mass behavior?

A

Gossip (socmed)
Public opinion and propaganda
Fashion and fads (trends)
Panic and mass hysteria
Reaction to disasters

53
Q

What are the 4 forms of deviance?

A

Innovation
Ritualism
Retreatism
Rebellion

54
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

in charge of involuntary actions

55
Q

What is division of labor?

A

workers are assigned specific and specialized tasks

56
Q

What are rules and regulations?

A

Tasks and behaviors are uniform

57
Q

What are two types of social status?

A

Ascribed and achieved

58
Q

What is culture?

A

Language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and objects passed through generations

59
Q

What does it mean to be uninvolved/neglectful?

A

Low demands and low communication

60
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Controls hormones and emotions
Controls autonomic NS
Maintains homeostasis

61
Q

What does it mean to permissive/indulgent?

A

Low demands
High communication

62
Q

What is rationalization?

A

Giving excess for shortcomings

63
Q

What is the Zeigarnik Effect?

A

Uncompleted or interrupted tasks are remembered better than completed ones

64
Q

What is the Von Restorff effect?

A

Pick me girl effect
Item that stands out is more likely to be remembered than other items

65
Q

What is a deviant act?

A

Actions or behaviors that violate social norms

66
Q

What is conformity?

A

Adopting attitudes or behaviors due to social pressure

67
Q

What is the parietal lobe in charge of?

A

Touch perception

68
Q

What is the spinocerebellum?

A

part of cerebellum in charge of muscle tone and coordination of movement

69
Q

What is folkway?

A

Norm in casual, daily interactions
ex. Filipino time, courtesy

70
Q

Describe stratification and social class.

A

Structured social inequality
Structure of mobility

71
Q

What is social change?

A

Transformation of culture and social institutions over time

72
Q

What is kinship?

A

Social relationships linked through common ancestry, marriage, or adoption

73
Q

What are the criteria of social class/status?

A

Wealth
Power
Prestige

74
Q

What are the agents of socialization?

A

Religion
Peer Groups
Schools
Mass Media
Work

75
Q

What is the amygdala for?

A

Modulates emotion
Aggression center
Fear and anxiety

76
Q

What is projection?

A

Attributing false thoughts to others

77
Q

What is denial?

A

Refusal to admit or face a situation

78
Q

What are the 4 parts of the limbic system?

A

Thalamus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Hipp

79
Q

What is the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Part of cerebellum in charge of balance and eye motions

80
Q

What is the occipital lobe in charge of?

A

Visual perception

81
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system for?

A

Fight or flight

82
Q

What is the convergence theory?

A

Collective behavior - reflects the desires of the members
(those with similar thoughts act together)

83
Q

What is the contagion theory?

A

Crowds:
anonymous
suggestible
swayed by rising emotions

84
Q
A
85
Q
A

NMAT (5 decks)

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