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Sociology Flashcards

1
Q

Three major sociological paradigms

A

structural-functional approach (macro), social-conflict approach (macro), symbolic-interaction approach (micro)

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2
Q

Structural-functional approach

A

sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

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3
Q

Social-conflict approach

A

sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change (understands society and reduce social inequality)

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4
Q

Symbolic-interaction approach

A

sees society as the product of everyday interactions of individuals

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5
Q

Material culture

A

material and tangible objects that distinguish a group of people (ex. architecture, cuisine, clothing)

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6
Q

Non-material culture

A

a group’s way of thinking or doing (ex. language, beliefs)

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7
Q

Elements of culture

A

social organization
customs and tradition
language
religion
arts and literature
forms of government
economic systems

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8
Q

Social status

A

position a person occupies within the social structure and is often closely linked to social class - lead the roles we play

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9
Q

Ascribed status

A

conferred at birth or received involuntarily

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10
Q

Achieved status

A

social position voluntarily assumed as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort

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11
Q

Master status

A

most important status a person occupies

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12
Q

Social roles

A

behavior of a specific status - roles we play come with certain expectations how to play them

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13
Q

Role conflict

A

occurs when incompatible demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time

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14
Q

Role strain

A

occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person holds

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15
Q

Stigmas

A

mark of disgraced associated with a particular status, quality, or person

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16
Q

Social groups

A

two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence

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17
Q

Primary group

A

small
less specialized
f2f, emotion-based, extended interactions
ex. family

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18
Q

Secondary group

A

larger
more specialized group
impersonal, goal-oriented relationship over a limited period of interaction

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19
Q

In Groups

A

a group I feel positively toward and to which I actually belong

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20
Q

Out-Groups

A

one to which I don’t belong and do not feel very positively toward

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21
Q

Reference groups

A

person or group that serves as a point of comparison or reference for an individual in the formation of either general or specific values, attitudes, or behavior

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22
Q

Organizations

A

large secondary groups designed to accomplish specific tasks in an efficient manner

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23
Q

Weber’s characteristics of bureaucracy

A

division of labor, hierarchy of authority, rules and regulations, technical qualifications, impersonality

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24
Q

Impersonality

A

workers perform “without hatred or passion”

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25
Social institutions
set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs - provide for patterned relationships
26
Traditional institutions
family, religion, education, the economy and the government
27
Emergent institutions
mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military
28
Social stratification
system of structured social inequality and the structure of mobility - concerned with the ranking of people based on an objective criteria usually wealth, power and/or prestige
29
Functionalism
stratification is the result of some kind of functional balance and aids in the smooth functioning of society
30
Conflict theory
Social inequality is rooted in a system that is more likely to reward you based on where you start than based on your abilities
31
Symbolic interactionism
a person's particular social class affects how he or she discusses class in general
32
Marx and Class
class and stratification are linked to capitalism (protelariat and bourgeoisie)
33
Weber and Class
stratification is based on wealth, power, and prestige
34
Collective behavior
an activity involving a large number of people that is unplanned, often controversial, and sometimes dangerous (ex. silent vigils to loud political protests)
35
Localized collectivities (crowd)
collectivities whose members are in close physical proximity
36
Dispersed collectivities (mass behavior)
involve people who are not in each other's immediate physical presence but react emotionally to a similar stimulus
37
Folkway (Types of Social Norms)
norms that stems from and organizes casual interactions
38
More (Types of Social Norms)
norm that structures the difference between right and wrong
39
Taboo (Types of Social Norms)
strong negative norm;
40
Law (Types of Social Norms)
norm that is formally inscribed at the state or federal level
41
What are the 3 structures of the mind? [Freud]
Id (primal; instinct) Ego (reality) Superego (morality)
42
Erikson's 5th Stage
Adolescence (13-20 years old) Virtue: Identity Identity vs. Role Confusion
43
Hallmark of Sensorimotor Stage
0-2 years old Primary to Tertiary Circular Reactions Understanding of Object Permanence (End)
44
What is the open class system?
Mobility Achievement-based Social relations between classes
45
What are the 2 types under explicit memory?
Episodic: events and experiences Semantic: facts and concepts
46
What are the 6 basic emotions?
Anger Fear Disgust Joy Surprise Sadness
47
What is the outward expression of something inside?
Emotions
48
What does the hippocampus do?
Transition from short term to long term memory
49
What is sublimation?
Transforming unacceptable needs to acceptable actions
50
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
Executive functions - planning, decisions, control
51
What is the relay center of the brain?
thalamus
52
What are the types of mass behavior?
Gossip (socmed) Public opinion and propaganda Fashion and fads (trends) Panic and mass hysteria Reaction to disasters
53
What are the 4 forms of deviance?
Innovation Ritualism Retreatism Rebellion
54
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
in charge of involuntary actions
55
What is division of labor?
workers are assigned specific and specialized tasks
56
What are rules and regulations?
Tasks and behaviors are uniform
57
What are two types of social status?
Ascribed and achieved
58
What is culture?
Language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and objects passed through generations
59
What does it mean to be uninvolved/neglectful?
Low demands and low communication
60
What does the hypothalamus do?
Controls hormones and emotions Controls autonomic NS Maintains homeostasis
61
What does it mean to permissive/indulgent?
Low demands High communication
62
What is rationalization?
Giving excess for shortcomings
63
What is the Zeigarnik Effect?
Uncompleted or interrupted tasks are remembered better than completed ones
64
What is the Von Restorff effect?
Pick me girl effect Item that stands out is more likely to be remembered than other items
65
What is a deviant act?
Actions or behaviors that violate social norms
66
What is conformity?
Adopting attitudes or behaviors due to social pressure
67
What is the parietal lobe in charge of?
Touch perception
68
What is the spinocerebellum?
part of cerebellum in charge of muscle tone and coordination of movement
69
What is folkway?
Norm in casual, daily interactions ex. Filipino time, courtesy
70
Describe stratification and social class.
Structured social inequality Structure of mobility
71
What is social change?
Transformation of culture and social institutions over time
72
What is kinship?
Social relationships linked through common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
73
What are the criteria of social class/status?
Wealth Power Prestige
74
What are the agents of socialization?
Religion Peer Groups Schools Mass Media Work
75
What is the amygdala for?
Modulates emotion Aggression center Fear and anxiety
76
What is projection?
Attributing false thoughts to others
77
What is denial?
Refusal to admit or face a situation
78
What are the 4 parts of the limbic system?
Thalamus Amygdala Hypothalamus Hipp
79
What is the vestibulocerebellum?
Part of cerebellum in charge of balance and eye motions
80
What is the occipital lobe in charge of?
Visual perception
81
What is the sympathetic nervous system for?
Fight or flight
82
What is the convergence theory?
Collective behavior - reflects the desires of the members (those with similar thoughts act together)
83
What is the contagion theory?
Crowds: anonymous suggestible swayed by rising emotions
84
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NMAT (5 decks)

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