Ana|Phy Flashcards
Describe smooth muscles
nonstriated
uni nucleated
involuntary
neurogenic
fusiform
internal organs
Describe cardiac muscles
striated
uni or bi nucleated
involuntary
myogenic
branched/cross linked
heart
Describe skeletal muscles
striated
multinucleated
voluntary
neurogenic
long fiber
leg
How do skeletal muscle contractions happen?
action potential sends a signal
at the end of neurons, synaptic vesicles carry neurotransmitters (acetylcholine) found with receptors in the neuromuscular junction
once enough acetylcholine binds with the receptors, it will trigger excitation stages
this can easily pass on and travel along Transverse tubules, reaching sarcoplasmic reticulum and releasing Calcium ions
Explain cross bridge
Isotonic concentric contractions
shortening of muscles - contract
Isotonic eccentric contractions
lengthening of muscles - extend
Isometric contractions
contractions without change in length
Pathway of food in the body
oral cavity
epiglottis
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
colon/large intestine
rectum
anus
What happens in the oral cavity?
start of carbohydrate digestion bc of amylase
mechanical digestion: mastication
bolus formation
What does the epiglottis do?
prevents food from entering respiratory tract
What does the uvula do?
directs food towards the esophagus
What happens in the stomach?
start of protein digestion wherein pepsinogen is activated by HCl to pepsin (HCl denatures proteins)
chyme formation (bolus + HCl)
What are parts of the small intestine?
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
What happens in the small intestine?
pancreatic juice and bile are released in the duodenum: digestion of lipids and continued digestion of proteins and carbohydrates
What happens in the colon/large intestine?
water reabsorption
What are the parts of the large intestine?
caecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
What’s the function of the rectum?
temporary storage site of feces
What’s the function of the liver?
production of bile, an emulsifier of fats
What’s the function of the gallbladder?
stores bile
What’s the exocrine function of the pancreas?
produces digestive enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin) and releases bicarbonates
What’s the endocrine function of the pancreas?
produces insulin and glucagon
What’s the function of insulin?
lower blood sugar
What’s the function of glucagon?
increases blood sugar
What’s the villi for?
increases surface area so there’s better absorption in the small intestine and better storage in the stomach
Why is the small intestine the longest?
bc it has 2 functions (digestion and absorption)
What is the pathway of air to the lungs?
nasal cavity
pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
What are the processes of the respiratory system?
inhalation
gas exchange
exhalation
(all passive except inhalation)
What happens during inhalation?
diaphragm contract and pulls the lungs downward
intercosal muscle also contracts to increase colume of pluerualncavity which decreases internal pressure
air moves from high pressure (outside) to low pressure (inside)
What happens in gas exchange?
in the alveoli, there is passive transport or passive diffusion in the capillaries via alveolar sac membrane
What happens during exhalation?
diaphragm relaxes
pleural cavity volume decreases which increases pressure in pleural cavity
air moved from high pressure inside to low pressure outside
What’s the difference of parietal pleura and visceral pleura?
parietal pleura is attached to the lung cavity or chest wall while visceral pleura is closely attached to the lungs
How many lobes do the lungs have?
2 lobes (right and left)
right lobe - 3 lobules
left lobe - 2 lobules only bc heart is embedded here
What’s the function of the nasal cavity?
filters, humidifies, and warms air that goes into the lungs
What’s the pathway of urine inside the kidney?
glomerulus
bowman’s capsule (where salts and fluids are excreted)
proximal convuluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convuluted tubule
connecting tubule
collecting duct
What’s the pathway of urine outside the kidney?
collecting duct
ureter
bladder
urethra
vagina/penis
What’s the function of the ureter?
conduit of urine into the bladder
What’s the function of the bladder?
temporary storage site for urine
What’s the function of the urethra?
final conduit of urine before excretion externally
What’s vasopressin for in the urinary system?
it’s an anti-diuretic hormone that increases the water reabsorption because it allows water to permeate peritubular capillaries
What’s the function unit of the urinary system?
nephron
Explain why there are still some traces of glucose in some people’s urine
passive process so glucose won’t be reabsorped if there’s already too much
follicle- stimulating hormone
development of gametes
high thyroxine
high metabolism, hyperthyroidism
low thyroxine
low metabolism, cretinism
adh (like vasopressin)
reabsorption of water in urine
luteinizing hormone
ovulation and testosterone
