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NMAT > Ana|Phy > Flashcards

Ana|Phy Flashcards

1
Q

Describe smooth muscles

A

nonstriated
uni nucleated
involuntary
neurogenic
fusiform
internal organs

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2
Q

Describe cardiac muscles

A

striated
uni or bi nucleated
involuntary
myogenic
branched/cross linked
heart

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3
Q

Describe skeletal muscles

A

striated
multinucleated
voluntary
neurogenic
long fiber
leg

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4
Q

How do skeletal muscle contractions happen?

A

action potential sends a signal
at the end of neurons, synaptic vesicles carry neurotransmitters (acetylcholine) found with receptors in the neuromuscular junction
once enough acetylcholine binds with the receptors, it will trigger excitation stages
this can easily pass on and travel along Transverse tubules, reaching sarcoplasmic reticulum and releasing Calcium ions

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5
Q

Explain cross bridge

A
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6
Q

Isotonic concentric contractions

A

shortening of muscles - contract

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7
Q

Isotonic eccentric contractions

A

lengthening of muscles - extend

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8
Q

Isometric contractions

A

contractions without change in length

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9
Q

Pathway of food in the body

A

oral cavity
epiglottis
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
colon/large intestine
rectum
anus

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10
Q

What happens in the oral cavity?

A

start of carbohydrate digestion bc of amylase
mechanical digestion: mastication
bolus formation

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11
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

prevents food from entering respiratory tract

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12
Q

What does the uvula do?

A

directs food towards the esophagus

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13
Q

What happens in the stomach?

A

start of protein digestion wherein pepsinogen is activated by HCl to pepsin (HCl denatures proteins)
chyme formation (bolus + HCl)

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14
Q

What are parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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15
Q

What happens in the small intestine?

A

pancreatic juice and bile are released in the duodenum: digestion of lipids and continued digestion of proteins and carbohydrates

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16
Q

What happens in the colon/large intestine?

A

water reabsorption

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17
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A

caecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon

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18
Q

What’s the function of the rectum?

A

temporary storage site of feces

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19
Q

What’s the function of the liver?

A

production of bile, an emulsifier of fats

20
Q

What’s the function of the gallbladder?

A

stores bile

21
Q

What’s the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

produces digestive enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin) and releases bicarbonates

22
Q

What’s the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

produces insulin and glucagon

23
Q

What’s the function of insulin?

A

lower blood sugar

24
Q

What’s the function of glucagon?

A

increases blood sugar

25
Q

What’s the villi for?

A

increases surface area so there’s better absorption in the small intestine and better storage in the stomach

26
Q

Why is the small intestine the longest?

A

bc it has 2 functions (digestion and absorption)

27
Q

What is the pathway of air to the lungs?

A

nasal cavity
pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

28
Q

What are the processes of the respiratory system?

A

inhalation
gas exchange
exhalation
(all passive except inhalation)

29
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

diaphragm contract and pulls the lungs downward
intercosal muscle also contracts to increase colume of pluerualncavity which decreases internal pressure
air moves from high pressure (outside) to low pressure (inside)

30
Q

What happens in gas exchange?

A

in the alveoli, there is passive transport or passive diffusion in the capillaries via alveolar sac membrane

31
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A

diaphragm relaxes
pleural cavity volume decreases which increases pressure in pleural cavity
air moved from high pressure inside to low pressure outside

32
Q

What’s the difference of parietal pleura and visceral pleura?

A

parietal pleura is attached to the lung cavity or chest wall while visceral pleura is closely attached to the lungs

33
Q

How many lobes do the lungs have?

A

2 lobes (right and left)
right lobe - 3 lobules
left lobe - 2 lobules only bc heart is embedded here

34
Q

What’s the function of the nasal cavity?

A

filters, humidifies, and warms air that goes into the lungs

35
Q

What’s the pathway of urine inside the kidney?

A

glomerulus
bowman’s capsule (where salts and fluids are excreted)
proximal convuluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convuluted tubule
connecting tubule
collecting duct

36
Q

What’s the pathway of urine outside the kidney?

A

collecting duct
ureter
bladder
urethra
vagina/penis

37
Q

What’s the function of the ureter?

A

conduit of urine into the bladder

38
Q

What’s the function of the bladder?

A

temporary storage site for urine

39
Q

What’s the function of the urethra?

A

final conduit of urine before excretion externally

40
Q

What’s vasopressin for in the urinary system?

A

it’s an anti-diuretic hormone that increases the water reabsorption because it allows water to permeate peritubular capillaries

41
Q

What’s the function unit of the urinary system?

A

nephron

42
Q

Explain why there are still some traces of glucose in some people’s urine

A

passive process so glucose won’t be reabsorped if there’s already too much

43
Q

follicle- stimulating hormone

A

development of gametes

44
Q

high thyroxine

A

high metabolism, hyperthyroidism

45
Q

low thyroxine

A

low metabolism, cretinism

46
Q

adh (like vasopressin)

A

reabsorption of water in urine

47
Q

luteinizing hormone

A

ovulation and testosterone

NMAT (5 decks)

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