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Bio I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the properties of life?

A

growth (increase in no. of cells or size)
development (maturation)
reproduction (asexual and sexual)
homeostasis (internal balance)
metabolism (catabolic v. anabolic)
irritability
adaptation
order

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2
Q

What are the levels of organization of life?

A

biosphere
biome
ecosystem (biotic + abiotic)
community (interaction betw. 2 or more population)
population (same species)
organism
organs
tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous)
cells (prokaryotic, eukaryotic - plant or animal)
molecules (C, P, L, NA)
atoms (CHON)

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3
Q

What are the different monosaccharides?

A

glucose, galactose, fructose

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4
Q

How do you make the different disaccharides?

A

glucose + glucose = maltose
galactose + glucose = lactose
fructose + glucose = sucrose

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5
Q

What are the different polysaccharides and their functions

A

glycogen and starch (storage)
chitin and cellulose (structural)

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6
Q

triglycerides

A

fatty acids + glycerol

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7
Q

What are the functions of amino acids?

A

contraction
transport
hormones
enzymes/catalyst
recognition
attachment

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8
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides (nitrogenous base, phosphate backbone and sugar)

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9
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases?

A

purine (A and G)
pyrimidine (T and C)

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10
Q

What are the differences of DNA and RNA?

A

helix (double - single)
sugar (deoxyribose - ribose)
function (storage of genetic info - protein translation)

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11
Q

What links monosaccharides together?

A

glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

What links fatty acids to glycerol?

A

ester

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13
Q

What links amino acids?

A

peptide bonds

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14
Q

What links nucleotides together?

A

phosphodiester bonds

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15
Q

What links sugar to N-base?

A

N-glycosidic bond

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16
Q

What link adenine to thymine or guanine to cytosine?

A

hydrogen bonds
2 for A-T
3 for G-C

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17
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  • basic unit of life
  • LO composed of one or more cells
  • arise from pre-existing cells (biogenesis)
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18
Q

What do prokaryotic cells lack?

A

true nucleus and membrane bound organelles like mitochondria (also unicellular)

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19
Q

What is the cell wall usually made of?

A

peptidoglycan

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21
Q

Mitochondria

A

site of ATP synthesis and most of aerobic respiration

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21
Q

Lysosome

A

intracellular digestion (degrade molecules)

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22
Q

Peroxisome

A

convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water and oxygen and neutralize toxicity

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23
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

protein synthesis

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24
Q

SER

A

lipid synthesis

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25
Q

Nucleus

A

ribosome subunit assembly and contains chromosomes

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26
Q

Centrosome

A

active during cell division where spindle fibers arise

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27
Q

Plasma membrane

A

semi-permeable

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28
Q

What does the Fluid Mosaic Model?

A

phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads

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29
Q

Chloroplast

A

site of photosynthesis

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30
Q

Central vacuole

A

storage

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31
Q

What do plant cells lack?

A

lysosomes and centrosomes

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32
Q

Taxonomic classification

A

Domain
Kingdom
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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33
Q

How do you write scientific names?

A

genus + specific epithet

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34
Q

Domains

A

bacteria, archaea, eukaryota

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35
Q

Kingdoms

A

monera (eubacteria and archaebacteria), protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

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36
Q

Passive transport

A

w/o ATP and from high to low concentration to achieve equilibrium (ex. diffusion or osmosis)

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37
Q

Active transport

A

w/ ATP and from low to high concentration to increase gradient (ex. sodium potassium pump)

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38
Q

Osmosis: Hypotonic solution (animals)

A

lower solute levels lead to bursting and lysed

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39
Q

Osmosis: Isotonic solution (animals)

A

equal solute levels so normal and no net movement

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40
Q

Osmosis: Hypertonic solution (animals)

A

higher solute levels lead to shriveled or crenate

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41
Q

Osmosis: Hypotonic solution (plants)

A

lower solute levels lead to turgid (normal)

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42
Q

Osmosis: Isotonic solution (plants)

A

equal solute levels but flaccid

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43
Q

Osmosis: Hypertonic solution (plants)

A

higher solute levels lead to shriveled or plasmolyzed

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44
Q

Explain oxygen independent cellular respiration

A

glycolysis in the cytoplasm wherein glucose is broken down into pyruvate or pyruvic acid that will go to the cytoplasm and undergo fermentation (lactic acid in animals and alcoholic in plants)

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45
Q

Explain oxygen dependent cellular respiration

A

pyruvate will go into mitochondria and become Acetyl CoA and undergo Krebs Cycle in the matrix and then ETC in the inner membrane

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46
Q

Explain light dependent photosynthesis

A

in the thylakoid, water will separate releasing H+, electrons [which will generate NADPH and ATP] and oxygen

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47
Q

Explain light independent photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle or Dark Reaction)

A

in the stroma, NADPH and ATP will be used to convert CO2 into glucose and it will go back to NADP+ and ADP and inorganic phosphate

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48
Q

Two stratums of epidermis

A

Basale - deepest
Corneum - superficial

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49
Q

What are the 7 skin receptors?

A
  1. Free nerve endings (Pain, heat, cold)
  2. Merkel Pisk (Touch)
  3. Krause End Bulbs (Touch)
  4. Root Hair Plexus (Touch)
  5. Meissner Corpuscles (Touch)
  6. Pacinian Corpuscles
  7. Ruffini Endings (Pressure)
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50
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Excites the body; activates flight or fight response

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51
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Superficial layer of the skin; stratified squamous epithelium

52
Q

What are the 4 body cavities?

A

Ventral: thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
Dorsal

53
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

RBCs - delivery of O2, CO2, gases, waste, nutrients

54
Q

What are the stages of aerobic respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs Cycle
  3. ETC
55
Q

What is the flow of the circulatory system?

A
  1. IVC, SVC (vena cava)
  2. Right atrium
  3. Right ventricle
  4. Pulmonary artery
  5. Pulmonary vein
  6. Left atrium
  7. Left ventricle
  8. Aorta
56
Q

What is the difference of the Bartholin Gland from the Cowper’s Gland?

A

BG: vagina, acidic lubrication
CG: pre-ejaculatory fluid (males), alkali mucus

57
Q

What is the functional unit of the excretory system?

58
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

A

Cell wall
Water vacuole
Chloroplast

59
Q

What are thrombocytes for?

A

Platelets - blood clotting

60
Q

What is plasma?

A

Liquid portion of blood

61
Q

What are the four major biomolecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

62
Q

What is the genome?

A

Entirety of an organism’s hereditary information

63
Q

What are the stop codons?

64
Q

What is the composition of bones?

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite - crystals and collagen

65
Q

What are the 4 connective tissues?

A

Cartilage: joint-joint
Ligament: bone-bone
Joint: bone-bone
Tendon: bone-muscle

66
Q

Describe the cardiac muscle

A

Heart
Striated, 1-2 nuclei
Branching shape
Myogenic - involuntary

67
Q

Describe smooth muscles

A

Internal organs
Non-striated, 1 nucleus
Fusiform/spindle-shaped
Involuntary contractions

68
Q

What are the three layers of skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis (nerves, arteries, veins)
Hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue)

69
Q

Where is the sperm produced?

70
Q

What are the parts of the male reproductive system?

A

Testes
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Prostate gland
Seminal vesice
Penis

71
Q

What are the parts of the vagina?

A

Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris - equivalent to penis
Urethra
Urethral opening
Vagina
Anus

72
Q

What is the Bowman’s capsule for?

A

Filtration of blood

73
Q

What do leukocytes do?

A

WBCs - in charge of defense and immunity

74
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Contains cell’s genetic information in chromosomes

75
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A

Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

76
Q

What are the 2 parts of the skeletal system?

A

Axial - cranium, sternum, spinal column
Appendicular - shoulder and pelvic girdle, limbs

77
Q

What are the glands in the skin?

A

Sebaceous - oils, pheromones
Sweat - sweat, water

78
Q

What happens to apical meristem?

A

Growth in height and length

79
Q

What happens in lateral meristem?

A

Growth in width or girth

80
Q

Describe the thyroid gland

A

Neck
Produces thyroxine - growth and metabolism

81
Q

What is the stamen

A

Male part of the plant
Polle contains the sperm cells

82
Q

What is the carpel (pistil)?

A

Female part of the plant
Stigma is sticky; pollen enters
Ovary is where the egg cells are produced

83
Q

What are the two types of blood circulation?

A

Systemic - heart to body; nutrients
Pulmonary - to and from lungs; for oxygenation

84
Q

Atracheophytes (non-vascular)

A

Lack true roots, stems, leaves

85
Q

What are the different blood vessels?

A

Artery - aorta, arterioles
Vein - vena cava, venules
Capillaries - small area; gas exchange

86
Q

What is the phloem?

A

Live cells
Carry food from leaves

87
Q

What is the taxonomic hierarchy?

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

88
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of a relatively stable condition within the internal environment

89
Q

Where does the egg cell (ovum) mature?

90
Q

What are adrenal glands?

A

produces adrenaline - fight/flight
Above kidney

91
Q

What happens in diffusion?

A

Materials flow from high concentration to low concentration

92
Q

What is the xylem?

A

Dead cells (X)
Carry water and dissolve nutrients

93
Q

What are the female reproductive parts?

A

Ovary
Fallopian tube
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina

94
Q

What happens in the uterus?

A

Egg implants to walls for pregnancy or menstruation

95
Q

What is the site of fertilization?

A

Fallopian tube

96
Q

What are the products and reactants of aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen = CO2, H2O, ATP

97
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

WBCs
Platelets
RBCs
Plasma

98
Q

What are the types of granulocytes (WBCS)?

A

Neutrophils - primary responder
Eosinophils - parasites and fungi
Basophils - allergies and disease

99
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes (WBCS)?

A

Monocytes - macrophages to clear debris
Lymphocytes
- B-cells: antibodies for humoral response
- T-cells: cell-mediated

100
Q

Describe the pineal gland

A

Near the center of the brain
Produces melatonin

101
Q

What is part of the digestive tract?

A

Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus

102
Q

Describe skeletal muscles

A

Muscles attached to bones
Striated, multi nuclei
Long fiber
Voluntary

103
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Rest and digest

104
Q

Where are sperm cells produced?

A

Seminiferous tubules in testes

105
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

controls:
hunger
thirst
body temperature
parental attachment
and it is located above the brain stem

106
Q

What are two types of immunity?

A

innate and adaptive

107
Q

What happens in the collecting duct?

A

urine collection, water reabsorption, vasopressin takes place

108
Q

What is vasopressin?

A

anti-diuretic hormone that plays a role in control of the body’s osmotic balance, blood pressure regulation, sodium homeostasis, and kidney functioning

109
Q

What does the seminal vesicle do?

A

produces liquid of semen

110
Q

What does the prostate gland do?

A

creates the ejaculatory motion

111
Q

Digestive Process 1: Mouth

A

Mastication of food (initial digestion of carbohydrates)
Bolus formation

112
Q

Digestive Process 2: Esophagus

A

Food travels down
Lower esophageal sphincter prevents food from going back up

113
Q

Digestive Process 3: Stomach

A

High surface area for storage
Initial protein digestion
Chief cells produce pepsinogen
HCl secreted after proteins are denatured = activation of PEPSINOGEN
Chyme: bolus + gastric juice

114
Q

Digestive Process 4: Small Intestine

A

High surface area for absorption
Duodenum: secretions from liver, GB, and pancreas are emptied
-lipid digestion
Jejunum, ileum: absorption of nutrients

115
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Alveoli in lungs

116
Q

What is the function of the appendix?

A

Stores microorganism for digestion

117
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

produces pancreatic juice to digest sugars, fats, and starch

118
Q

What is the respiratory process?

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Trachea
Lungs

119
Q

3 mechanisms in respiratory system

A

Inhalation (active)
Gas exchange
Exhalation

120
Q

Digestive Process 5: Large intestine

A

H20 reabsorption
- longer stay of food = more H20 absorbed = solid poop

121
Q

What is the function of the salivary gland?

A

Produces saliva for lubrication

122
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Produces bile

123
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

Stores bile to emulsify fats and releases it into the small intestine

124
Q

What is the main site of digestion and absorption of nutrients?

A

Small intestine

125
Q

Lipids

A

provide insulation and it is the main components of hormones and vitamins

126
Q

What does the proximal tubule do?

A

maximum reabsorption (H20, Na, K, Cl; glucose, amino acids, bicarbonates)

NMAT (5 decks)

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