Chem III Flashcards
Explain boiling point
Temperature at which a liquid turns into vapor or gas.
What does having a higher boiling point mean in terms of IMF and molecular weight?
High boiling point = stronger IMF and larger molecular size
What does having a higher boiling point mean in terms of branching of alkanes?
Alkanes with more branching have lower boiling points because the molecules are more compact, reducing surface area and weakening intermolecular forces.
What does having a higher boiling point mean in terms of surface tension?
A higher boiling point generally means higher surface tension, as stronger intermolecular forces lead to greater cohesion at the liquid’s surface.
What does having a higher boiling point mean in terms of hydrogen bonding?
A higher boiling point usually means stronger hydrogen bonding between molecules, which requires more heat energy to break and transition from a liquid to a gas.
What does having a higher boiling point mean in terms of vapor pressure?
Having a higher boiling point generally means lower vapor pressure, as stronger intermolecular forces make it more difficult for molecules to escape from the liquid phase.
Explain vapor pressure
Pressure exerted by a vapor (gas) when it’s in equilibrium with its liquid or solid state, indicating how easily molecules transition from the liquid to the gas phase
Explain surface tension
Surface tension is the tendency of a liquid surface to contract, forming a kind of “skin,” due to the cohesive forces between its molecules, making it resist external forces. (droplets)
Explain viscosity and its relation to IMF
how thick or sticky a liquid is. Stronger intermolecular forces, like those in honey or syrup, make liquids more viscous, while weaker forces, like in water, result in lower viscosity
What are the the three types of saturation?
unsaturated
saturated
supersaturated
Explain saturated solution
A saturated solution is when a liquid, like water, has dissolved as much of a substance, such as sugar or salt, as it can hold at a given temperature, and no more can dissolve.
What is solubility?
ability of a substance, known as the solute, to dissolve in another substance, typically a liquid, known as the solvent, forming a homogeneous mixture
Explain unsaturated solution
more of a solute (like sugar or salt) could still dissolve in the solvent (usually water) at a given temperature, and it hasn’t reached its maximum capacity yet
Explain supersaturated solution
when a liquid holds more solute (like sugar or salt) than it should be able to dissolve at a given temperature. It’s a temporary, unstable state that can occur when a solution is heated, and then it’s cooled slowly without the extra solute precipitating out
Explain how unsaturated can turn into saturated and saturated solutions
Unsaturated to Saturated:
An unsaturated solution, where more solute could still dissolve, can turn into a saturated solution by adding more solute until no more can dissolve at a particular temperature. This saturation point is reached, and further addition of solute won’t dissolve.
Saturated Solutions:
Saturated solutions have dissolved as much solute as possible at a given temperature. If you add more solute to a saturated solution, it won’t dissolve and will remain undissolved at the bottom. To go back to an unsaturated state, you would need to increase the temperature (if the solute dissolves more with heat) or remove some solvent.
