Sociology Flashcards
What are the rights of the patient in the sick role?
The right to not perform their normal social roles
The right to not be responsible for their own state
What are the responsibilities of the patient in the sick role?
The sick are obliged to want to get well as soon as possible
The sick are obliged to consult and cooperate with medical experts
What are the responsibilities of the doctor in the sick role?
To apply their skill to benefit the patient, be technically competent
To have a high degree of professionalism
To be affectively neutral and objective
What are the rights of the doctor in the sick role?
The right to physically examine patients
The right to ask intimate questions
What are critiques of the sick role?
Patients with chronic conditions not always allowed to remain in a sick role - no cure
Certain economies cannot allow individuals to enter a sick role where disease is highly prevelant, e.g. malaria and malnutrition in Africa
If deviate from rights of rights and responsibilities of a patient, could be deemed as a hypochondriac
Certain diseases have stigma rather than allowing a patient into the sick role, e.g. mental health issues
Lack of responsibility of patients - addiction, alcoholism etc….
What is the 3-talk model of shared decision making?
- Team talk - working together
- Option talk - discussing the options
- Decision talk - making informed decisions
What is Marxism in terms of social structure?
Based on two social classes…
- The ruling class (bourgeoisie) who own the means of production (factories, for example)
- The working class (proletariat) who are exploited (taken advantage of) for their wage labour.
This means that the ruling class uses the working class to produce goods and services and keep the profit for themselves. Would inevitably lead to a revolution
What is Max Webers theory on social structure?
Based on 3 components. Each dimension has opportunities for life chances
- Social class - based on economically determinants
- Status class- based on non-economic qualities - honor, prestige, religion
- Party class - affiliations in politics
What is the NS-SEC Social Stratification?
The National Statistics Socio-economic Classification provides an indication of socio-economic position based on occupation.
- Higher managerial and professionals - docs, lawyers
- Lower managerial and professionals - nurses, teachers
- Intermediate - armed forces, bank staff
- Small employers and own account workers - shop keepers, farmers
- Lower supervisory and technical - electricians, plumbers
- Semi routine - receptionists
- Routine - labourers, bar staff, drivers
What does syndemic mean?
The aggregation of two or more concurrent or sequential epidemics or disease clusters in a population with biological interactions, which exacerbate the prognosis and burden of disease.
- Social inequalities correlated with health inequalities
- Risk factors for health inequality are often cumulative
- Education, employment status, income level, gender, ethnicity all have a marked influence on how healthy a person is (regardless of low/middle/high income countries)
What are the 4 models of health inequality?
- Behavioural
- Materialist
- Psychosocial
- Life-course
What is the behavioural model of health inequality?
Individual or lifestyle differences, rooted in personal characteristic and levels of education which influence behaviour – which would be health damaging or health promoting
Main health-risking behaviours – smoking, unhealthy diet, alcohol consumption, lack of exercise
What is the materialist model of health inequality?
Involve hazards that are inherent in the present form of social organization and exposing individuals to different probabilities of ill health and injury
Materialist explanations judged to be most important in accounting for social class and differences in health
- Poor quality housing – higher rates of respiratory disease in children
- Low socio-economic status + insecurity + low pay – inadequacies in diet and dietary values
What is the psychosocial model of health inequality?
Feelings that arise because of inequality, subordination and lack of social support may directly affect biological processes. Feelings relating to inequality may affect behaviours.
Relate the deleterious effects of stress on the biological systems of the body
- Risk factors include social support, control and autonomy at work, balance between home and work, balance between efforts and rewards
What is the life-course model of health inequality?
Disadvantages in their various forms are likely to accumulate through childhood and adulthood and into old age
- Health problems in childhood and youth can produce a downward socio-economic drift
- Highest health risks found in those who both grow up and remain in disadvantaged material circumstances
- Low birth weight a predictor of socio-economic disadvantage over childhood + adolescence
What are examples of the relationship between socioeconomic status and health behaviour?
Low health literacy Language barriers to access health care High cost of treatment Cultural norms Discrimination Affordability of healthy food Religious beliefs Poor sanitary conditions Low educational attainment Low income Time scarcity
What is the medical model of disability?
Regards disability as a direct consequence of an underlying disease or disorder.
Underlying pathology BUT pathology is a poor predictor of disability.
AND does not recognize social and psychological factors.
What is the social model of disability?
Emphasizes that activity limitations and participation restrictions result from social and environmental constraints.
Disability as a form of social oppression.
Individuals are not only limited by their medical condition but also by behaviour of other people towards them and by environmental barriers – such as inaccessibility of buildings.
BUT doesn’t allow for people to be disabled by both society AND their bodies, doesn’t consider pain or frailty, nor psychosocial aspects
What is the psychological model of disability?
People can face different activity limitations because of their cognitions, emotions or coping strategies – despite any physical disability.
Depressed or anxious people are more likely to be limited because of their associated cognitions, over those who believe they can overcome their disability and are surrounded by supportive people.
Psychological factors predict disability outcomes. Interventions that enhance perceived control beliefs have resulted in reduced activity limitations.
What is the WHOs International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Model
Health condition including…
- Impairments to body structures and functions
- Activity limitations
- Participation restrictions, each of which is affected by personal and environmental factor
AND contextual factors (personal and environment)
are the model for disability
How can environmental factors contribute to disability?
The built environment can be more or less enabling; technologies and social practices can enable people
Activity limitations and participation restrictions result from environmental constraints
Individuals not only limited by a medical condition but by environmental barriers such as the inaccessibility of buildings or poor sound system
What are 3 influential ideas on identity from the impact of a chronic illness?
Loss of self – their former self-image crumbles away without simultaneous development of equally valued new ones
Biographic disruption – structures of everyday life are disrupted
Narrative reconstruction – building new life narratives
How does disabilities and chronic illness go against the sick role?
The sick role states illness as a temporary state of social deviance and focuses on curing pathology and returning to normal health.
Patients with chronic illness/disability are at their norm and will not be cured, their illness is not social deviance but should be seen as socially oppressed
What are some examples of how gender, class and ethnicity relate to health/healthcare?
Ability to go private and get immediate care Females taken less seriously Pain gap between ethnicities Females taken longer to get referrals eGFR - afro-carribean background factor
