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YEAR 1 > Sociology > Flashcards

Sociology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the rights of the patient in the sick role?

A

The right to not perform their normal social roles

The right to not be responsible for their own state

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2
Q

What are the responsibilities of the patient in the sick role?

A

The sick are obliged to want to get well as soon as possible

The sick are obliged to consult and cooperate with medical experts

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3
Q

What are the responsibilities of the doctor in the sick role?

A

To apply their skill to benefit the patient, be technically competent

To have a high degree of professionalism

To be affectively neutral and objective

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4
Q

What are the rights of the doctor in the sick role?

A

The right to physically examine patients

The right to ask intimate questions

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5
Q

What are critiques of the sick role?

A

Patients with chronic conditions not always allowed to remain in a sick role - no cure

Certain economies cannot allow individuals to enter a sick role where disease is highly prevelant, e.g. malaria and malnutrition in Africa

If deviate from rights of rights and responsibilities of a patient, could be deemed as a hypochondriac

Certain diseases have stigma rather than allowing a patient into the sick role, e.g. mental health issues

Lack of responsibility of patients - addiction, alcoholism etc….

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6
Q

What is the 3-talk model of shared decision making?

A
  1. Team talk - working together
  2. Option talk - discussing the options
  3. Decision talk - making informed decisions
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7
Q

What is Marxism in terms of social structure?

A

Based on two social classes…

  1. The ruling class (bourgeoisie) who own the means of production (factories, for example)
  2. The working class (proletariat) who are exploited (taken advantage of) for their wage labour.

This means that the ruling class uses the working class to produce goods and services and keep the profit for themselves. Would inevitably lead to a revolution

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8
Q

What is Max Webers theory on social structure?

A

Based on 3 components. Each dimension has opportunities for life chances

  1. Social class - based on economically determinants
  2. Status class- based on non-economic qualities - honor, prestige, religion
  3. Party class - affiliations in politics
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9
Q

What is the NS-SEC Social Stratification?

A

The National Statistics Socio-economic Classification provides an indication of socio-economic position based on occupation.

  1. Higher managerial and professionals - docs, lawyers
  2. Lower managerial and professionals - nurses, teachers
  3. Intermediate - armed forces, bank staff
  4. Small employers and own account workers - shop keepers, farmers
  5. Lower supervisory and technical - electricians, plumbers
  6. Semi routine - receptionists
  7. Routine - labourers, bar staff, drivers
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10
Q

What does syndemic mean?

A

The aggregation of two or more concurrent or sequential epidemics or disease clusters in a population with biological interactions, which exacerbate the prognosis and burden of disease.

  • Social inequalities correlated with health inequalities
  • Risk factors for health inequality are often cumulative
  • Education, employment status, income level, gender, ethnicity all have a marked influence on how healthy a person is (regardless of low/middle/high income countries)
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11
Q

What are the 4 models of health inequality?

A
  1. Behavioural
  2. Materialist
  3. Psychosocial
  4. Life-course
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12
Q

What is the behavioural model of health inequality?

A

Individual or lifestyle differences, rooted in personal characteristic and levels of education which influence behaviour – which would be health damaging or health promoting

Main health-risking behaviours – smoking, unhealthy diet, alcohol consumption, lack of exercise

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13
Q

What is the materialist model of health inequality?

A

Involve hazards that are inherent in the present form of social organization and exposing individuals to different probabilities of ill health and injury

Materialist explanations judged to be most important in accounting for social class and differences in health

  • Poor quality housing – higher rates of respiratory disease in children
  • Low socio-economic status + insecurity + low pay – inadequacies in diet and dietary values
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14
Q

What is the psychosocial model of health inequality?

A

Feelings that arise because of inequality, subordination and lack of social support may directly affect biological processes. Feelings relating to inequality may affect behaviours.
Relate the deleterious effects of stress on the biological systems of the body

  • Risk factors include social support, control and autonomy at work, balance between home and work, balance between efforts and rewards
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15
Q

What is the life-course model of health inequality?

A

Disadvantages in their various forms are likely to accumulate through childhood and adulthood and into old age

  • Health problems in childhood and youth can produce a downward socio-economic drift
  • Highest health risks found in those who both grow up and remain in disadvantaged material circumstances
  • Low birth weight a predictor of socio-economic disadvantage over childhood + adolescence
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16
Q

What are examples of the relationship between socioeconomic status and health behaviour?

A 
Low health literacy 
Language barriers to access health care
High cost of treatment 
Cultural norms
Discrimination
Affordability of healthy food 
Religious beliefs
Poor sanitary conditions 
Low educational attainment 
Low income 
Time scarcity
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17
Q

What is the medical model of disability?

A

Regards disability as a direct consequence of an underlying disease or disorder.
Underlying pathology BUT pathology is a poor predictor of disability.
AND does not recognize social and psychological factors.

18
Q

What is the social model of disability?

A

Emphasizes that activity limitations and participation restrictions result from social and environmental constraints.

Disability as a form of social oppression.

Individuals are not only limited by their medical condition but also by behaviour of other people towards them and by environmental barriers – such as inaccessibility of buildings.

BUT doesn’t allow for people to be disabled by both society AND their bodies, doesn’t consider pain or frailty, nor psychosocial aspects

19
Q

What is the psychological model of disability?

A

People can face different activity limitations because of their cognitions, emotions or coping strategies – despite any physical disability.

Depressed or anxious people are more likely to be limited because of their associated cognitions, over those who believe they can overcome their disability and are surrounded by supportive people.

Psychological factors predict disability outcomes. Interventions that enhance perceived control beliefs have resulted in reduced activity limitations.

20
Q

What is the WHOs International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Model

A

Health condition including…
- Impairments to body structures and functions
- Activity limitations
- Participation restrictions, each of which is affected by personal and environmental factor
AND contextual factors (personal and environment)

are the model for disability

21
Q

How can environmental factors contribute to disability?

A

The built environment can be more or less enabling; technologies and social practices can enable people

Activity limitations and participation restrictions result from environmental constraints

Individuals not only limited by a medical condition but by environmental barriers such as the inaccessibility of buildings or poor sound system

22
Q

What are 3 influential ideas on identity from the impact of a chronic illness?

A

Loss of self – their former self-image crumbles away without simultaneous development of equally valued new ones

Biographic disruption – structures of everyday life are disrupted

Narrative reconstruction – building new life narratives

23
Q

How does disabilities and chronic illness go against the sick role?

A

The sick role states illness as a temporary state of social deviance and focuses on curing pathology and returning to normal health.

Patients with chronic illness/disability are at their norm and will not be cured, their illness is not social deviance but should be seen as socially oppressed

24
Q

What are some examples of how gender, class and ethnicity relate to health/healthcare?

A 
Ability to go private and get immediate care
Females taken less seriously
Pain gap between ethnicities
Females taken longer to get referrals
eGFR - afro-carribean background factor
25
Q

What are common lay beliefs about vaccinations?

A

Vaccines are ineffective
Vaccination overwhelms immune system
Vaccines commonly cause serious side effects
The disease vaccinating against is not serious
It only affects me/my family

26
Q

What is the definition of expertise?

A

High level of knowledge and skill in a particular area

27
Q

What is the definition of beliefs?

A

Defined as mental conviction, own thoughts with no evidence

28
Q

What are the key factors of the health belief model?

A 
Susceptibility 
Severity
Benefits 
Barriers
Perceived threat 
Costs 
Cues to action
Health motivation

…All impacted by demographic variables… leading to the likelihood of behaviour

29
Q

What is unrealistic optimism in terms of health beliefs?

A

People have a tendency to believe that the likelihood of personally experiencing a negative event, including illness, is less than objectively measured standards would predict, but more for a positive event.

Furthermore they believe that their chances are more favourable than those of other people.

30
Q

What changes have been seen in the nature of family?

A

Increase in cohabiting couples families
More remarriage
Number of people living alone has increase
Increase in people aged 20-34 living at home with their parents
Fewer marriages per year
Higher average age of first time mother
More births outside marriage
More single parent families
Fewer nuclear families
Increase in same-sex families
Childhood - not such a concept in historical times

31
Q

What are contemporary social norms about what parents should do?

A

Take responsibility for children, not exploit them, protect them
Provide them with good eduction
Decide for children under the age of consent

32
Q

What are roles of carers?

A

Maintain a sense of continuity in the lives of those they care for
Maintain a sense of identity of the person receiving care
Providing personal care - bathing and toileting
Everyday tasks - getting out of bed, dressing
Providing emotional support

33
Q

What are negative effects seen by carers?

A

Increased risk of psychological stress
Significant risk of having mental health problems
Negative impact on mental health
Adverse effects on sleep if involved in night time caring
Can negatively affect carers employment

34
Q

What are factors that could affect adherance to medications?

A
  • Poly-pharmacy
  • Difficulty swallowing pills
  • Co-morbitidies
  • Care settings
  • Side effects
  • Ability to cope with instructions/packaging
  • Lack of motivation
  • Non communication of value of medication by HCP
  • Over demanding drug regime
  • Mental Health
  • Understanding and Education
  • Cognitive impairments
  • Costs
  • Socio-economic factors
  • Barriers to health care
35
Q

What are gender differences in health behaviours?

A

Females have better social networks
Females are better able to discuss health with medical professionals
Females experience of motherhood and caring generates responsibility for their own health

36
Q

What are positive social factors that keep people healthy in old age?

A 
Housing
Having a car
Been married 
Having autonomy in decision making
Social networks, social capital
37
Q

What is change in the role of doctors?

A

Decline in medical autonomy and dominance.
More inclusive decision making with patients.
More holistic approaches
Stronger emphasis on shared care

38
Q

What are some sociological reasons some one may be reluctant to seek help?

A 
Not registered with a GP
Cost of prescription
Immigration status
Language barrier
Lack of child care
Transport difficulties
39
Q

What are benefits from the doctor communicating well to their patient?

A

Treatment adherence is better

Better understanding of condition, treatment, risks, means that patient experiences less anxiety / fear / perceived pain, fewer misconceptions

Patient is able to employ better copying mechanisms

Better understanding means better management of own health care

Feels included in decision making and an active participant in his own health care

Increased patient satisfaction
In the longer term this results in better clinical outcomes

40
Q

What are potential problems that can occur from a reconstituted/blended family?

A 
Tension 
Anger and grief
Resentment towards step parents/step siblings
Step kids more likely to be abused
Mistrust and fear
41
Q

What does triple shift, double burden mean?

A

Triple shift = Women doing paid work, housework and child care.
Double burden = work and family.

YEAR 1 (17 decks)

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