Psychology Flashcards

Question

What is the overactivity-rest cycle?

Answer 1

Doing too much on good days that ultimately results in bad days where little can be done, with pain, low mood and frustration.

Answer 2

Active coping Belief that pain is controllable Increase physiological arousal Anxiety is common

Answer 3

Testing different coping styles Varying between activity Depression may occur

Answer 4

Hope of cure diminishes Reduced activity Problems with pain medication may occur Belief that pain is uncontrollable, tendency towards passive coping strategies Depression is common Focus on bodily complaints, chronic muscle spasm, reduced muscle strength and endurance

Answer 5

Enable people to cope or manage pain better with the aim of reducing distress and disability, and improving quality of life - Education about pain - Techniques to address anxiety and depression and promote coping - Effective medication use

Answer 6

``` CBT Helpful Cognitions Mindfulness based stress reduction Acceptance and commitment therapy Stress management and relaxation techniques in general ```

Answer 7

``` Hypnosis Physical therapy Biofeedback Acupuncture Osteopathy/Chiropractic ```

Answer 8

``` Fear of diagnosis Lack of confidence in GP Lack of confidence in health service Lack of health literacy Fear of losing job Denial of illness ```

Answer 9

``` Fear of diagnosis Lack of confidence in GP Lack of confidence in health service Lack of health literacy Fear of losing job Denial of illness ```

Answer 10

``` Not registered with a GP Cost of prescription Immigration status Language barrier Lack of child care Transport difficulties ```

Answer 11

Crying - clear signal of a need Looking Smiling - starts as a reflex at 2 months but becomes social Cuddling - allows human contact Preference - for caregivers face, voice, smell, touch

Answer 12

``` Baby distressed at separation Leads to anxiety and attachment behaviour Carer re-establishes proximity Anxiety decreases Attachment behaviour drops Baby feels safe ```

Answer 13

``` Emotional and social competence Greater resilience Higher self esteem and independence Positive peer relations Better psychological health Secure attachment with their own children ```

Answer 14

Positive view of themselves Trust and confidence Sense of security/safety to explore, play and learn

Answer 15

Baby distressed at separation Leads to anxiety and attachment behaviour Carer rejection, indifferent, unavailable, insensitive Failure to comfort Experience of prolonged distress and unregulated emotion No return to safety

Answer 16

Baby distressed at separation Leads to anxiety and attachment behaviour Neglectful, abusive carers Carers are the source of distress Unresolved fear, trauma Permanent feelings of lack of control, helplessness, confusion No return to safety

Answer 17

Poor emotional and social competence Poor regulation of emotions Difficulties at school, more likely to be bullied Difficulty in showing empathy Unregulated biological stress system - abnormal patterns of cortisol release Lower self esteem, lack of trust in others Emotional and behavioural problems - depression, aggression, over controlling or over compliant behaviour

Answer 18

Unworthy of love | Others as emotional unavailable

Answer 19

When children do not reach normal developmental milestones When children struggle at school because of behavioural or emotional difficulties Children with mood disorders, clinical anxiety, depression, attachment disorders Mothers with pre or postnatal depression may find it harder to connect to their babies

Answer 20

``` Fatigue Sleep disturbance Appetite changes Aches and pains SOB Palpitations Restlelessness Illness vulnerability Digestive problems ```

Answer 21

``` Depression Anxiety Anger Guilt Yearning/pinning Loneliness Sense of detachment Helplessness Numbness ```

Answer 22

``` Crying Irritability Restlessness Searching Social withdrawal Difficulty in fulfilling normal roles ```

Answer 23

``` Poor concentration Short attention span Memory loss Confusion Preoccupation Search for meaning Hallucinations Disturbances of identity ```

Answer 24

Three overlapping phases 1. Initial period of shock, disbelief and denial 2. Acute grief - intermediate acute mourning period of physical and emotional discomfort - the impact of loss is registered physically and emotionally, yearning and mourning, social withdrawal 3. Integrated grief - gradual shift to the restitution phase when attention shifts back to reengaging with the world. Adaption and recovery

Answer 25

Cognitive process of confronting the reality of a loss and adjusting to life with this loss - Tasks of grief - the work grieving people do when they face a loss ``` TEAR To accept the reality of the loss Experience the pain of the loss Adjust to the new environment without the loss person Reinvest in the new reality ```

Answer 26

Explains how people cope with grief Predicts good and poor adjustments to bereavement - Loss orientated - preoccupied with experience of grief, avoiding efforts to recover and adapt - focus on confrontation of the loss - Restoration orientated - avoid and distracting themselves from grief, building new identities, re-planning life, focus on avoidance of the loss Oscillation - between the to parts of the model - balancing confrontation and avoidance is critical for adaptive coping

Answer 27

Feelings of sadness Fear of being alone Anger, boisterous play, nightmares, irritability, bed wetting Regression to earlier development stages - need more attention, unreasonable demands, acting younger than their age If extreme and long lasting - indicate poor coping and may require psychological support KEY - open and timely communication about death with a bereaved child, naming emotions and normalising emotional responses and reassuring children

Answer 28

Chronic grief - Lasts for a prolonged or extended period of time Delayed grief - Has been postponed Disenfranchised grief - Seen as socially difficult to relate to or are negative by others Compound grief - occurs following multiple losses Anticipatory grief - occurs prior to a known future loss

Answer 29

Digestive issues Fatigue Depression

Answer 30

``` Constantly ruminating on death Emptiness Hallucinations of the deceased Suicidal ideation Thinking about the person Self-blame Desire to be with deceased ```

Answer 31

Intense sadness Intense distress Loneliness Anger

Answer 32

``` Withdrawn Not functioning Unable to work Avoid reminders of loss Lack of social engagement ```

Answer 33

When grief does not resolve within a reasonable time (6 months - 1 year), or individuals have extreme experiences, the process is probably no longer adaptive Unshakeable grief that does not improve over time Persistent and intense emotions or moods and unusual, severe symptoms that impair major areas of functioning or that cause extreme distress Prolonged grief symptoms are a unitary construct distinct from the more transient symptoms of depression and anxiety that characterise normal bereavement

Answer 34

Talking therapies - ACT, cognitive restructuring, psycho-education, CG-CBT Medication Group therapy Those that self-refer have better outcomes

Answer 35

Barriers to seeking support - more difficult for LGBT population - can lead to complicated grief Migrants may experience loneliness and social isolation following death of loved one

Answer 36

Elevated rates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts Increased incidence of cancer, hypertension and cardiac events after several years Immune disorders and dysfunction more frequent Increased adverse health behaviours Higher health service use and higher sick leave rates

Answer 37

Normal grief - doesn't last as long or interfere as much with life Depressive disorder - depressed mood not focused on the loss PTSD - suffer intrusive thoughts about a traumatic event rather than thoughts on the deceased or circumstances of their death Separation anxiety disorder - seperation from a living individual

Answer 38

Grief disorder for those who significantly and functionally impaired by prolonged grief symptoms for at least one month after six months of bereavement... PLUS ONE - Intense and persistent yearning for the deceased - intense feelings of emptiness or loneliness - Frequent preoccupation with the deceased - Recurrent thoughts that life is meaningless or unfair without the deceased - Frequent urge to join the deceased in death AT LEAST 2... for minimum 1 months... - Feeling shocking, stunned or numb since loved ones death - Rumination about the circumstances or consequences of the death - Anger or bitterness about the death - Experiencing pain that the deceased suffered, or hearing/seeing the deceased - Trouble trusting or caring about others - Intense reactions to memories or reminders of the deceased - Avoidance of reminders of the deceased or the opposite - seeking out reminders to feel close to the deceased

Answer 39

Pre-existing mental health problems Lack of knowledge and info about death Previous experience of trauma or multiple stressors Conflict and difficult relationships between the person and the deceased Children and adolescent, young spouses, older people in long-term relationships

Answer 40

Inadequate family or community stressors or physical and emotional care Traumatic reminders, anniversaries and other significant events Secondary stresses that seriously disrupt family functioning Further losses of bereavements

Answer 41

Loss is result of violence, trauma or accident Others are unable to offer support and comfort Person died form an inherited disease or suffered a long illness Death is associated with stigma, or shame, for example AIDS

Answer 42

Good interaction with HCP and the quality of the HCP Good quality of care systems and procedures Active involvement in treatment and health care decisions Quality information requirements and opportunities Involvement with social support networks, their range and quality Support with emotion, feeling states, worries, anxieties, spiritual concerns Managing challenges to self-identify - body and self-image