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YEAR 1 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mode of action of bisphosphonates?

A

Bind to hydroxyapatite in bone
Taken up by osteoclasts during bone resorption
Lead to apoptosis of osteoclasts - reduce bone resorption

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2
Q

What is the side effect of bisphosphonates?

A 
Oesophagitis 
Esophageal ulcers 
Gastric irritation
Osteonecrosis of the jaw
Osteonecrosis of auditory ear canal
Increased risk of atypical stress fracture 
Hypocalcaemia
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3
Q

What is the mode of action of Denosumab?

A

Binds to RANKL to inhibit activation and maturation of osteoclasts to limit bone breakdown

S/E: diarrhoea, dyspnoea, hypocalcaemia, URTI

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4
Q

What is the mode of action of NSAIDs?

A

Inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and/or COX-2) in the arachidonic pathway, thus reducing the production of key mediators involved in inflammation such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes.

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5
Q

What is the mode of action for the oral contraceptive pill?

A

Synthetic oestrogens inhibit FSH release by negative feedback, suppressing follicular development.

Synthetic progesterone like compounds (progestins) block the oestrogen-mediated positive feedback surge in LH release, preventing ovulation, also change the properties of cervical mucous so that it is hostile to sperm.

Endometrial development is scant and not favourable for implantation.

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6
Q

What is the mode of action of paracetamol?

A

Paracetamol is a COX enzyme inhibitor.
Selective for COX-3.

COX enzymes stimulate the production of prostaglandins. Paracetamol helps to prevent PGE2 synthesis which is the main compound that alters the homeostatic temperature set point in the hypothalamic neurons that regulate body temperature.

In fever, the temperature set point is elevated by the production of PGE2.
PGE2 production is stimulated by cytokines (IL-1, TNF alpha), which are produced by the action of bacteria/viruses on the immune system. By blocking PGE2 production, paracetamol brings down the temperature set point to normal

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7
Q

What are side effects of glucocorticoids?

A 
Osteoporosis
Retardation of growth
Immunosuppression
Cataracts and glaucoma
Psychosis
Diabetes
Stomach ulcers 
Thinning of skin, bruising, delayed wound healing 
Cushings - Moon face, Buffalo hump
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8
Q

What is the mode of action of azathioprine?

A

Prodrug of mercaptopurine
Inhibits purine synthesis
Need to test for TPMT first to ensure have enzymes to convert to prodrug

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9
Q

What are the side effects of azathioprine?

A

Bone marrow suppression
Nausea/vomiting
Pancreatitis

Interaction with allopurinol

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10
Q

What is the mode of action of methotrexate?

A

Antimetabolite that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme essential for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines

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11
Q

What are side effects of methotrexate?

A 
Myelosuppression - pantocytopenia
Pneumonitis
Pulmonary fibrosis 
Liver fibrosis 
Hepatotoxicity
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12
Q

What are side effects of NSAIDs?

A

Peptic ulceration
Exacerbation of asthma
Kidney failure
Heart failure

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13
Q

What is the monoclonal antibody against CD20 on B cells?

A

Rituximab

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14
Q

What are the monoclonal antibody against TNF-alpha?

A

Infliximab
Adalimumab

Etanercept

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15
Q

What is the monoclonal antibody against HER2?

A

Trastuzumab

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16
Q

What are the side effects of hydroxychloroquine?

A 
GI disturbance
Headache
Skin rashes
Itching
OCULAR TOXICITY
17
Q

What is the mode of action of sulfasalazine?

A

Prodrug of 5-ASA
Decrease neutrophil chemotaxis with suppressing proliferation of lymphocytes and pro-inflammatory cytokines

Caution in G6DP deficiency

18
Q

What are side effects of sulfasalazine?

A

Bone marrow suppression
Lung fibrosis
Steven-Johnson syndrome
Reduced sperm count in males

19
Q

What is the mode of action of teriparatide?

A

Form of PTH hormone
Stimulate osteoblasts and reduce their apoptosis

S/E: hypercalcaemia, increased risk of osteosarcoma

20
Q

What is the mode of action of raloxifene?

A

Selective estrogen receptor modulator - SERM

Partial agonist effect on oestrogen receptors in the bones

21
Q

What is the mode of action and side effects of colchicine?

A

MOA: inhibit granulocyte migration to reduce inflammation

S/E: nausea and diarrhoea

22
Q

What is the mode of action and side effects of allopurinol?

A

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor - reduced uric acid production

S/E: rash

YEAR 1 (17 decks)

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