Sociologists Flashcards
Mackintosh and Mooney- class, workplace
The upper class demonstrated Social Closure by marrying within the family to maintain the top 1% wealth.
Scott- class, education, workplace
The ‘Old Boy Network’- school ties, highly thought of from previous school- more likely to get the job.
King and Raynor- class, family
Parents socialise middle class identities by reinforcing the importance of educational success (child centredness).
Bordieu- class, education
Hidden curriculum reinforces middle class identities.
Goodwin- class, peer groups
‘Yummy mummies’ identity reflects peer group approval through cultural capital and wealth.
Saunders- class, media
Middle class are socialised through the media that is their target market. (Conspicuous consumption)
Hutton- class, workplace
Decline in manufacturing jobs has eroded working class identity.
Willis- class, education
‘Learning to labour’- anti-school subculture.
Mac an Ghaill- class, workplace
‘Crisis of masculinity’- loss of manual labour jobs.
Mead- gender, family
Mundugumor tribe, female traditional roles in the family.
Parsons- gender, family
Women have ‘expressive’ roles and men have ‘instrumental’ roles in the family.
Oakley- gender, family
Canalisation, manipulation, verbal appellation, domestic activities.
McRobbie- gender, peer groups
‘Bedroom culture’- lack of involvement in subcultures and ‘culture of femininity’ with female peer groups- outside is dangerous.
Billington- gender, media
Media reinforces gender stereotypes; feminine and attractive.
Ferguson- gender, media
‘Cult of femininity’- reinforced in magazines, women turn to the internet and social forums for support.
Mitsos and Browne
Boys do less well in education because teachers are less strict.
Skelton
‘Hidden curriculum’- ie sports are aimed at boys.
Plummer- sexuality, peer group
Homosexual subcultures for men.
Mac an Ghaill- sexuality, peer groups
‘Three Fs’: fighting, football, fucking- no emotion allowed.
McCormack- sexuality, peer groups
Homophobia is decreasing- the study in the Sixth Form College.
McIntosh- sexuality, peer groups
labelling male homosexuality as effeminate, expectation
Cashmore and Troyna- ethnicity, peer groups
Discrimination lead to minorities ‘turning inwards’ and creating subculture.
Hockey and James- ethnicity, peer groups
Black Afro-Caribbeans united against racism.
Hebdige- ethnicity, peer groups
Cultural resistance through expression of Jamaican culture.
Ghuman- ethnicity, family
Second generation minority’s socialised with norms and values of the extended family ie- religious commitment.
Anwar- ethnicity, family
Family conflict over freedom from socialising with westernised children at school.
Driver and Ballard- ethnicity, education
Asian families place importance on education.
Gillborn- ethnicity, education
Teachers are institutionally racist- labelling - self-fulfilling prophecy - looking glass self.
Archer and Francis- ethnicity, education
Chinese boys participate in lad culture but maintain commitment to school.
Alexander- ethnicity, media
Asian youths in East London unfairly targeted by police and media.
Sewell- ethnicity, media
Hypermasculinity- lack of male role models and turn to rappers in the media for inspiration.
Sewell- ethnicity, peer groups
‘Cultural comfort zones’- people from the same ethnic background stay together, view each other as family, not just friends.
Les Back- new ethnicity, peer groups
‘Hybrid identities’- the mixing of different cultures: eg chicken tikka pizza- Italian+Indian.
‘cultural borrowing’- borrowing aspects of other cultures and making it their own.
Gill- new ethnicity, peer groups
‘Blasian’- adopted ‘black’ dress code and language combined with their own Asian culture.
Johal- new ethnicity,peer groups
Asians wear a ‘white mask’ around peers at school to fit in.
Anderson- nationality, media
Nationality is socially constructed through flag and anthem.
Phillips et al- nationality, education
National curriculum eg history lessons are ethnocentric as they are taught from a British perspective- eg WW1 and WW2.
Hewitt- nationality, education
Education presumes racism of students ie- in a fight the white student would be treated as racist towards ethnic minority.
Postman- age, family
‘Innocent child’ shielded from adult content.
Parsons- age, education
Children learn different social roles to contribute to society.
Brannen- age, family
‘Pivot generation’ and ‘dual burden’- second generation looks after parents and children (first and third) during middle age.
Saunders- age, media
Media targets middle-aged because they have the most disposable income.
Willis- age, workplace
Boys took after their fathers in manual labour jobs.
Sontag- age, media
Old women are still required to be youthful in the media in a ‘double standard of ageing’.
Johnson- age, workplace
Old are institutionally discriminated against- stereotypical assumptions about competency.
Equality Act 2010- Disability, workplace
Legally protects people from discrimination in the workplace and in wider society, including those with a long term impairment or disability.
Shakespeare- disability, peer groups
‘Victim mentality’ people respond to disabled people with pity, avoidance and awkwardness.
Ridley- disability, peer groups
2 out of 3 people admitted to feeling awkward when talking to a disabled person.
Murugami- disability, peer groups
Disabled see disability as just a characteristic and not something that defines who they are.
Barnes- disability, media
Disabilities are seen as the person, not own identity.
FUNCTIONALISM
Everything in society has a function.
Social solidarity (Emile Durkheim)
Everything functions for the benefit of society to create order.
Meritocracy (Davis and Moore)
If you work hard you should be successful in society and be rewarded.
Social mobility
Ability to move through the social structure- work hard= moving up social classes.
Stratification
Systems of inequality (eg gender, ethnicity, race, social class).
Division of labour
People doing different jobs.
Function importance
Everything has a function in society.
Family- main function
Primary socialisation, helps children to grow up and disciplines them.
Education- main function
Teaches people most of what they need to know for life.
Workplace- main function
Teaches people about the real world and how to grow up after education.
Media- main function
To influence people: how to act, dress, speak etc.
Murdock
Women are carers and in the house because of biology- they can give birth to children and can breast feed, whereas men cannot.
Rastogi
Men are work orientated and committed to their jobs where as women choose to prioritise their roles as homemakers and caring for family over their careers.
The New Right
stratification serves important functions.
believe that a communist society would act as a disincentive to entrepreneurship and innovation.
New Right- Saunders
Inequality in the workplace is desirable and functional in order to encourage competition.
Marxism- class is important
Karl Marx
Bourgeoisie (ruling class)
Own the means of production.
Factories, machinery, land, etc
Proletariat (working class)
Have to use the means of production for survival. Only have their labour to sell in return for a wage. Forced to work for the ruling class in order to survive.
Exploitation
In a capitalist system the bourgeoisie (ruling class) exploit the proletariat (workers) by paying them low wages for their work so that they can make greater profits.
Alienation
The way the workers (proletariat) feel when they are doing boring, monotonous work e.g. In factories
False class consciousness
A false view of society and your position within it.
Not aware of being exploited & think you can get wealthy too