Sociological Theory - Equal Opportunities

Question 1

equal opportunities

Answer 1

treating people fairly and giving them the same chance

Question 2

discrimination

Answer 2

unfair treatment of a person or minority group

acting upon a prejudice

Question 3

overt discrimination

Answer 3

visible/obvious (verbal racist abuse of a player)

Question 4

covert discrimination

Answer 4

hidden/less obvious (non-selection of player as a captain due to race)

Question 5

prejudice

Answer 5

unfavourable opinion of an individual or group based of inadequate facts

Question 6

stereotype

Answer 6

standardised image/belief shared by society

generalisation about members of a group allowing others to treat them accordingly

Question 7

general barriers to participation

Answer 7

• lack of time
• negative social influences
• poor pe experiences
• lack of motivation
• lack of skill
• lack of resources
• high cost of participation
• family obligations

Question 8

ethnicity

Answer 8

equal opportunities to participate doesn’t exist for ethnic groups due to factors such as racism
-50% of bme don’t do sport or physical activity

stacking: ethnic minorities not in leadership roles as stereotypes to have better athletic prowess than leadership
channelling: certain ethnic minorities pushed into stereotypical sports than the one they want to do

Question 9

racism

Answer 9

set of beliefs or ideas on the assumption that races have distinct hereditary characteristics giving them inferiority or superiority over others

Question 10

stacking

Answer 10

disproportionate concentration of certain ethnic minorities in certain positions; stereotypical assumption that they are more valuable for their physicality than decision-making and communication skills

Question 11

channelling

Answer 11

ethnic minorities being pushed into certain sports and certain positions based on assumptions/generalisations about them

Question 12

ethnicity - barriers

Answer 12

• conflict with religion/culture
• higher value placed on education
• fear of racism, abuse or discrimination
• fewer role models to aspire too
• fear of rejection
• channelling + stacking
• stereotyping
• language barriers

Question 13

ethnicity - solutions

Answer 13

• training more bme people to be coaches
• ensuring same sex sports are available - muslim women
• punish any kind of racist abuse
• ensure pe programmes are inclusive
• organise campaigns (kick it out challenging discrimination)

Question 14

disability

Answer 14

disabled community has much lower participation levels
-18.5 of disabled people play sport regularly

sometimes integrated and sometimes segregated activities

Question 15

disability - barriers

Answer 15

• negative self image - lack of self confidence
• low income levels
• high membership costs
• high transport costs
• lack of access such as ramps
• lack of organised programmes
• low levels of media coverage - few role models
• lack of information
• lack of specialist coaches
• lack of adaptable equipment
• safety concerns
• lower societal expectations

Question 16

disability solutions

Answer 16

• provide more opportunities such as paralympics
• increased investment in disabled sport
• provide transport + improved access
• improved technology
• more specialist coaches trained
• increased media coverage
• promoting role models
• specialist organisations
• educating on stereotypes
• design specialist activities - modifying

Question 17

gender

Answer 17

women should have the same opportunities as men

only 30.7% of women play sport regularly compared to 40.6% of men

Question 18

gender - barriers

Answer 18

• stereotypes - women cant be strong or agressive
• far less media coverage
• less attainable role models
• less women in power such as coaches, officials, ngbs
• pressure of women to be thin instead of bigger and strong
• fewer sponsorship opportunities
• negative experience in pe class
• body image issues
• no childcare
• channelling for ‘female sports’

Question 19

gender - solutions

Answer 19

• introduce laws for no sex discrimination
• encouraging shared domestic responsibilities
• increase sponsorship
• increase media coverage
• provide positive role models
• provide more opportunities for women
• social media to connect women
• improve pe lessons for girls

Question 20

health benefits

Answer 20

• lower risk of heart disease
• lower risk of stroke
• avoidance of high/low blood pressure
• lower risk of type 2 diabetes
• lower risk of obesity
• strengthens bones
• lower risk of osteoporosis
• improved mental health
• lower risk of some cancers

Question 21

fitness benefits

Answer 21

• improved posture
• improved body shape
• improved cardiovascular function
• improved muscular strength
• improved muscular endurance
• improved agility
• improved power
• improved balance
• improved co-ordination
• improved speed
• improved reaction time

Question 22

social benefits

Answer 22

-raised levels of serotonin and endorphins
make people feel better and have better life outlook
-improved sleep patterns
enhances relationships and persons mood
-opportunity to meet new people
make friends
-confidence and self-esteem increases

Question 23

society

Answer 23

an organised group people associated for some specific purpose or shared common interest

• national pride
• national identity

Question 24

socialisation

Answer 24

lifelong process whereby members of society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles to take their place in that society

Question 25

primary socialisation

Answer 25

socialisation during early childhood which happens in immediate family internalisation of society's culture happens families share time together participating in physical activities - frequency helps form the child's attitude

Question 26

secondary socialisation

Answer 26

happens in later years where peers, friends and school has more influence gender socialisation happens 'boys learn to be boys' participation in sports help create their social identity

Question 27

internalisation

Answer 27

the learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself

Question 28

social processes

Answer 28

forms of social interaction between individuals and groups that continually occur that either preserve or change cultures -integration, conflict and co-operation

Question 29

social control

Answer 29

concept that refers to the way which peoples thoughts, feeling, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems

Question 30

institutions

Answer 30

established organisations founded for religious, educational, professional or social purpose

Question 31

effect of social control

Answer 31

- women limit their physical activity to less strenuous activities - women don't lift heavy for fear of looking unfeminine - women give up exercise time to look after baby due to guilt

Question 32

social change

Answer 32

an alteration in the social order of a society significant changes in social behaviours/culture values over time leading to long term effects

Question 33

inequality

Answer 33

the unfair situation where resources or opportunities are distributed unevenly within a society

Question 34

social issues

Answer 34

conflict which affects a considerable number of people in society - gender - disability - drug abuse - low activity patterns linked to health/obesity problems

Question 35

causes of social issues

Answer 35

:lack of money/high participation costs :lack of confidence and self esteem :lack of role models to aspire to :myths or stereotypes about certain groups capabilities

Question 36

social stratification

Answer 36

type of inequality where society is divided into different levels on the basis of a social characteristic such as wealth or social status affects opportunities within sports for some people

Question 37

social class

Answer 37

factors contributing include: job, family background, education and income

Question 38

social class and schools

Answer 38

children from low income families tend to have - poorer health - less confidence in ability - less money on equipment + extra coaching state schools often have worse facilities

Question 39

social class and sports clubs

Answer 39

involvement in extra-curricular activities may be affected by working-class expectations of child such as looking after siblings and housework

Question 40

social action theory

Answer 40

way of viewing socialisation, emphasising the proactive role of people in shaping social life

Question 41

interactionist approach

Answer 41

views sport and physical activity as essential to society sport has an impact on society and society has an impact on sport people play active role in shaping society