Industrial and Post-Industrial Britain :) Flashcards
rational recreation
- respectable
- regional
- rule based
- regular
- referees
- skills tactics based
- purpose built facilties
industrial revolution - negative effects
- lack of leisure time: long factory hours
- lack of income: low wages and poverty
- migration of lower classes: no space in urban areas
- poor health and hygiene: little energy to play sport
- loss of rights: restrictions placed on mob football
- lack of public provision: no access to private facilities
industrial revolution - positive effects
- health and hygiene improved with living conditions
- gradual wage increase and more time for sport
- new middle class developed encouraging sport
- athleticism values spread to the lower classes
- industrial patronage like factory teams set up
- transport and communications improved + cheaper
- public provisions like baths set up
- more facilities for lower classes built
urbanisation
large numbers of people moving to urban areas to work
- lack of space: purpose built facilities built to tackle this
- large working class: needed entertaining-mass events
- loss of traditional sports: mob football banned-new sports
- change in working conditions: more free time, energy and income to participate
transport revolution
development of railways and steam trains
- movement of spectators/players: nationwide games
- cheaper transport: more people could watch/play
- more structured games:
communications
improved reading and writing abilities
- rules become more developed: people could read
- newspapers + printing press: people could follow their teams allowing for role models and heroes to emerge
influence of the church
role of church strong in victorian times
- church set up teams: organised competitions
- provided facilities: in church halls after church
- approval from church was encouragement
- stopped some drinking + gambling: church sacred
emergence of middle class
middle class made up of factory owners and clergymen
- codification: ex-public school boys set up ngbs
- competitions: leagues + comps set up due to public schools, universities, ngbs, factory teams, church teams
- public provision: public facilities such as parks and baths developed by philanthropists (kind middle class people)
- increased leisure time: factory owners gave less hours
- move to professionalism: agents, promoters
british empire
ex public school boys spread sport by playing it in colonies
- teachers developed in schools across empire
- factory owners set up competitive teams internationally
- clergy developed church teams or became missionaries
- officers in army used sport in armed services
- diplomats travelled world taking sport - rugby + cricket
public provision
development of public facilities for working classes
- public bath houses: healthier and less prone to illness
- stop drinking and gambling: parks good past time
ngb
ex public school boys set them up
- codification: nationally agreed rules required for fair play
- national fixtures and leagues developed
- maintenance of amateur ideal: maintain control of sport among middle and upper classes to keep exclusive rules stopping the lower class playing with them
role of women in sport
sport perceived to be masculine and physical
- lawn tennis: emergence of lawn tennis allowed some upper/middle class women to participate in dresses
- lower class women restricted by needing income
wenlock olympic games
Dr William Penny Brookes + WARS - olympic class
- promote physical, moral and intellectual improvements in lower classes in wenlock
- prizes offered for successful participants
- first games held in october 1850 mixture of sports including; quoits, football, cricket, running, cycling on penny farthings
- emphasis on fair play, pageantry and celebration
- led to pe being played in schools
Baron Pierre de Coubertin inspired and developed IOC
lawn tennis
- created by middle class in 1874 as alternative for real tennis
- suited middle class houses with lawns
- middle classes formed own private clubs - exclusive
- specialist equipment used - wingfield’s kit
- standardised rules
- played by males and females - respectable social game
-public provision led to it eventually spreading to parks
track and field athletics
-specialised facilities built in most major cities by 19th C
-large crowds of 25,000 spectating
-wagering common place
-class division still apparent -lower class for money (pro)
upper class for enjoyment and testing themselves
1866- amateur athletics club created exclusion clause
- working class men couldn’t participate until 1880 when aaa withdrew clause
- encouraging fair play, courage and no wagering
