Practice and Guidance :) Flashcards
cognitive stage
- starts creating mental images of skills
- mental rehearsal required
- trial and error used (mistakes made)
- accurate demonstration needed
- movement appear jerky and uncoordinated
- performer has to think hard about the skill - attention on main component of skill
- motor programme not formed yet
cognitive feedback
- reliant on extrinsic feedback from coach to direct performance
- positive so they persevere
- knowledge of results so successful actions are repeated and unsuccessful ones are modified
associative stage
- must continue to practice
- models performance on more skilled athletes
- some performers never progress further than this stage
- performer becomes more proficient, making fewer mistakes
- begins focusing on finer details of skill
- demonstrations, mental rehearsal and positive feedback needed
- motor programmes are developing - stored in long term memory
- smoother and more co-ordinated movements
associative feedback
- uses intrinsic feedback to correct movement (developing kinaethesis)
- extrinsic feedback used to refine actions
- knowledge of performance
autonomous stage
- fluid, efficient and habitual movements
- skills are automatic, without thinking about subroutines
- fully formed motor programmes (long term memories)
- concentrate on fine details, tactics and advanced strategies
- important to practice and mentally rehearse to stay at this level
autonomous feedback
- intrinsic feedback to correct own mistakes (kinaethesis)
- extrinsic feedback is negative to aid error correction
- knowledge of performance used to understand why move was un/successful
learning plateaus
period of performance when there are no signs of improvement
causes of plateau effect
- loss of motivation
- mental/physical fatigue
- limit of ability reached
- poor coaching
- incorrect goals set
solutions of plateau effect
- set new tasks/challenges
- variable practice
- offer tangible rewards
- allow rest periods
- distributed practice
- alternative coach
- set SMARTER goals
massed practice
continuous practice without rest periods
skill is: closed discrete self-paced simple
performer is:
motivated
autonomous
fit
massed pros and cons
pros: overlearns skills so they become habital, motor programmes formed, improved fitness, kinaethesis developed
cons: causes fatigue, performer may not be fit enough, no time for feedback
variable practice
practicing skills in constantly changing environments
skill is:
open
externally paced
complex
performer is:
cognitive
lacking motivation
variable pros and cons
pros: develops schema, increases motivation, performer gains experience in different environments, positive transfer
cons: time consuming, can cause fatigue, possibility of info overload, could cause negative transfer
distributed practice
practice with rest periods included
skill is: continuous complex serial low organisation dangerous externally paced open
performer is:
cognitive
unfit
lacking motivation
distributed pros and cons
pros: more effective than massed, allows time for recovery, allows time for mental practice, time for feedback, motivational
cons: time consuming, negative transfer to competition situations
