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PE Paper 1 Advanced Info > Energy Systems :) > Flashcards

Energy Systems :) Flashcards

1
Q

adenosine tri-phosphate

A

atp is the only useable form of energy in the body

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2
Q

energy from atp

A

energy is released by breaking down bonds via enzymes
-atp-ase breaks down atp into adp and pi

adp needs to be resynthesised either using food or phosphocreatine

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3
Q

aerobic system

A

used when intensity is low and oxygen supply is high

3 stages: glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

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4
Q

glycolysis

A

in sarcoplasm of muscle
2 atp molecules formed

  • glycogen into glucose via glycogen phosphorylase
  • breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid by phosphofructokinase
  • split into two acetyl groups, carried by coenzyme a into the krebs cycle
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5
Q

krebs cycle

A
  • series of cyclical reactions that produce energy
  • coenzyme a combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid
  • this gives of carbon and hydrogen
  • carbon forms carbon dioxide and is breathed out
  • hydrogen taken to next stage - etc
  • happens in matrix of mitochondria
  • 2 atp molecules formed
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6
Q

beta oxidisation

A

process where fatty acids are broken down into acetyl co-enzyme a to enter the krebs cycle

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7
Q

electron transport chain

A
  • hydrogen spilts into ions and electrons charged with potential energy
  • electrons used to resynthesise atp
  • ions are oxidised to form water
  • happens in critae of mitochondria
  • 34 molecules of atp produced
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8
Q

atp-pc system

A
  • phosphocreatine is broken down by creatine kinase
  • releases energy used to resynthesise ADP into ATP
  • 1 ATP produced at fast rate
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9
Q

anaerobic glycolytic system

A
  • glycogen into glucose (glycogen phosphorylase)
  • glucose into pyruvic acid (phosphofructokinase)
  • pyruvic acid into lactic acid (lactate dehydrogenase)
  • produces 2 ATP
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10
Q

energy continuum

A

v high (>10) ATP-PC
high to v high (8-90 secs) ATP + ANAEROBIC
high (90 secs to 3 mins) ANAEROBIC + AEROBIC
low to medium (3+ mins) AEROBIC

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11
Q

slow twitch fibres atp generation

A
  • main pathway via aerobic system
  • produces max atp amount from each glucose molecule (36)
  • production is slow but endurance based so less fatigue
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12
Q

fast twitch fibres - atp generation

A

fast twitch fibres recruited for high intensity - anaerobic resp

  • main pathway for atp production is lactate anaerobic system (during glycolysis)
  • atp production with no oxygen is not as efficient (2 mols)
  • production is fast but cant last for long as fatigue quickly
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13
Q

oxygen consumption

A

amount of oxygen we use to produce atp

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14
Q

submaximal oxygen deficit

A

at the start of exercise there isnt enough oxygen available to provide all energy aerobically so its provided anaerobically to satisfy the increased demand for energy

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15
Q

maximum oxygen deficit

A

maximal accumulated oxygen deficit

gives indication of aerobic capacity

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16
Q

epoc

A

amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above what would be consumed during rest

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17
Q

fast replenishment stage

A

restoration of atp
-takes up to 2 mins and uses 0.5 l of oxygen

restoration of phosphocreatine stores
-complete re-saturation takes up to 3 mins but 50% of stores replenished after 30 seconds

re-saturation of myoglobin with oxgen

18
Q

slow replenishment stage

A

removal of lactic acid
-5/6 litres of oxygen in 30 mins - 50% of lactic acid removed

maintenance of breathing and heart rate

glycogen replenishment

increase in body temp

19
Q

removal of lactic acid

A
  • oxidisation into co2 and water in inactive muscles to be used as energy
  • transported into liver vid blood then converted into glucose
  • converted into protein
  • removed in sweat and urine
  • oxidisation in mitochondria so cool down helps flushing through
20
Q

cori cycle

A

the process where lactic acid is transported in the blood to the liver where it is converted into blood glucose and glycogen

21
Q

maintenance of breathing and heart rate

A

requires extra oxygen for energy for respiratory and heart muscles

extra oxygen used to replenish ATP + phosphocreatine stores

22
Q

glycogen replenishment

A

30 mins post ex: carbs and protein in 3:1 or 4:1

1-3 hours post ex: meal high in protein, carb and healthy fat

23
Q

increase in body temp

A

higher temp leads to higher respiratory rates = more oxygen

24
Q

lactate accumulation

A
  • as lactate accumulates in muscles, more hydrogen ions are present
  • acidity is increased slowing down enzyme activity
  • glycogen breakdown affected leading to muscle fatigue
  • lactate diffuses into blood and level can be measured
25
Q

factors affecting lactate accumulation

A

-exercise intensity
higher the intensity of exercise faster obla occurs

-muscle fibre type
slow twitch fibres produce less lactate - glycogen broken down effectively

-rer
ratio of close to 1.0 means more lactate will accumulate

-rate of blood lactate removal
the slower the removal rate the more lactate will accumulate

-fitness of performer
fitter performer can delay obla by increasing mito & myo to use aerobic system

26
Q

obla

A

the point where the lactate levels go above 4 millimoles per litre

27
Q

lactate threshold

A

the point when lactate starts rapidly accumulating in the blood

  • percentage of vo2 max (average 50-60)
  • fitter you are the higher your lactate threshold percentage is
28
Q

vo2 max

A

the maximum amount of oxygen that can be utilised by the muscles per minute

-largely genetically determined

29
Q

buffering

A

process which aids the removal of lactate and maintains acidity levels in the blood and muscle
-athletes can work at higher intensities for longer before fatigue

30
Q

indirect calorimetry

A

measures how much carbon dioxide is produced and how much oxygen is consumed at rest and during exercise

precise calculation of vo2 max (max amount of oxygen muscles can use in 1 min)

31
Q

lactate sampling

A

blood samples taken at progressive levels to analyse lactic acid levels

when lactic acid reaches 4 mmols = lactate threshold

obla score written as a % of your VO2 max

useful for endurance athletes

32
Q

vo2 max test

A

bleep test - 12 min copper run - direct gas analysis

exercise is performed (on ergometer?) increasing gradually, concentration of oxygen inspired and concentration of co2 expired recorded

athlete is considered to have reached their VO2 max: a plateau or ‘peaking over’ in oxygen uptake, maximal heart rate reached, attainment of a respiratory exchange ratio of 1.15 or greater, and exhaustion

33
Q

respiratory exchange ratio

A

ratio of carbon dioxide produced compared to oxygen consumed

calculates energy expenditure and info about carbs and fats used

rer closer to 1 - using carbs
rer of 0.7 - using fats
rer greater than 1 - anaerobic respiration

34
Q

altitude training

A

done at 2500 above sea level where partial pressure is lower

  • body to produces greater amounts of EPO (erythropoietin) in the kidneys,
  • increase in red blood cells produced
  • when the athlete competes at sea level - there is a greater amount of oxygen carrying red blood cells available
  • greater transport of oxygen to the muscles for metabolism
35
Q

altitude training advantages

A
  1. increased number of red blood cells
  2. increased concentration of haemoglobin
  3. increased blood viscosity
  4. increased capillarisation
  5. enhanced oxygen transport
  6. increased lactate tolerance
36
Q

altitude training disadvantages

A
  1. expensive
  2. altitude sickness
  3. difficult to train due to lack of oxygen
  4. detraining because intensity has to reduce when they first train
  5. benefits quickly lost when back at sea level
  6. psychological problems when away from home
37
Q

hitt

A

used for both aerobic and anaerobic training

short intervals of maximum intensity followed by recovery interval of low intensity

improves fat burning potential, glucose metabolism and an/aerobic endurance

38
Q

plyometrics

A

repeated rapid stretching and contracting of muscles to increase muscle power
(jumping, hopping, bounding) fast twitch fibres
-muscles can generate more force if previously stretched

stretch shortening cycle:
1.eccentric phase or pre-loading phase: on landing muscle performs eccentric contractions where is lengthens under tension. some energy lost as heat

  1. amortisation phase: time between eccentric and concentric contractions. needs to be as short as possible so energy stored from eccentric contraction isnt lost
  2. concentric/contraction phase: uses stored energy to increase force of contraction
39
Q

saq

A

speed is how fast a person can move over a specified distance or how quickly a body part can be put into motion

agility is ability to move and position the body quickly whilst controlling it

saq aims to improve multi-directional movement through developing neuromuscular system
-zigzag runs, foot ladders and passing a ball quickly

uses activites performed at maximum force at high speed - anaerobic energy

40
Q

factors affecting vo2 max

A

PE Paper 1 Advanced Info (6 decks)

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