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Linguistics > Sociolinguistic Variation Mid-Sem > Flashcards

Sociolinguistic Variation Mid-Sem Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of research planning

A
  1. Coming up with a basic idea
  2. Background reading
  3. Data collection and analysis
  4. Conclusion and introspection
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2
Q

Research questions should:

A
  1. Be informed by literature and evidence
  2. Define the design of your project (what kind of data, how to collect, how to analyse)
  3. Be answerable!
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3
Q

Interactional data

A

Recordings of language users in social interactions -> How people actually use
language in context

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4
Q

Attitudinal data

A

Surveys and/or interviews with language users -> What people think about language use,
describe how and why they use language

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5
Q

When recruiting participants for quantitative
data collection we need to consider:

A
  1. Population
  2. Sample
  3. Parameter
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5
Q

Experimental data

A

Controlled experiments where language users respond to stimuli -> How people
respond to stimuli and what processes are involved in their responses

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6
Q

Parameters

A

Parameters specify variables for analysis and
exclude others

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7
Q

Probability sampling

A

Everyone in the population has an equal chance
of being selected for the study

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8
Q

Four types of probability sampling

A
  1. Simple random: lottery-style selection
  2. Systematic: every X-numbered person on a list
  3. Stratified: organizing population into groups
    who share certain characteristics then using
    random sampling
  4. Cluster: Sampling from smaller geographical
    units
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9
Q

Non-probability sampling

A

Non-random selection – not equal opportunity for
selection

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10
Q

Four types of non-probability sampling

A
  1. Convenience
  2. Purposive
  3. Quota. Convenience sampling + quotas for different groups of participants
  4. Snowballing
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11
Q

Participant recruitment (2 ways)

A
  1. Self-selection
  2. Researcher selection
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12
Q

Selection bias types

A
  1. Self-selection bias
  2. Participant attrition
  3. Incorrect classification
  4. Cherry-picking
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13
Q

Quantitative data

A

Generally described as “numerical” data. Involves classifying features, counting them.

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14
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Non-numerical open-ended data. More inductive – making observations and then formulating
hypothesis/theory

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15
Q

Quantitative methods examples

A
  1. Surveys/questionnaires
  2. Experiments
  3. Corpus data
  4. Pre-existing statistical data
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16
Q

Qualitative data

A
  1. Interviews
  2. Focus groups
  3. Observations and ethnographic data
  4. Surveys/questionnaires - open ended questions
17
Q

Types of interviews

A
  1. Structured
  2. Unstructured
  3. Semi-structured
18
Q

Structured interview

A

Interviewer develops a set of
questions that will not change
throughout the interview process

19
Q

Structured interview benefits + drawbacks

A

Benefits: Allows the interviewer
to focus very strongly on certain
topics – very easy comparison
across interviews
Drawbacks: No room for
flexibility means less depth

20
Q

Unstructured interviews

A

no
pre-prepared questions, the
interviewer allows the interviewee to
guide the conversation ->
Interviewee has more power

21
Q

Unstructured interviews benefits + drawbacks

A

Benefits: Relaxed interview
atmosphere
Drawbacks: data will often be
difficult to compare

22
Q

Semi-structured interview

A

the interviewer has a set of
questions but will also be open to creating new questions in
reaction to interviewee’s responses

23
Q

Semi-structured interview benefits + drawbacks

A

Benefits: Can compare different interviews, more
depth than structured interviews
Drawbacks: Interviewers have to decide on the spot if they’re
going to make adjustments to questions and how to do so
effectively

24
Q

Types of questions

A
  1. Introductory questions
  2. Content questions: interviewee’s experiences with phenomena
  3. Probes: in reaction to information produced by the interviewee
  4. Closing questions
25
Q

Interview phases

A
  1. Preparing the interview
  2. Beginning the interview
  3. Conducting the interview
  4. Closing the interview
26
Q

Benefits of questionnaires

A

Good for eliciting attitudinal data (behaviours, beliefs, etc.).
Good for obtaining data from large number of respondents

27
Q

More benefits of questionnaires:

A
  1. Economy of time
  2. Consistency assured
  3. Reliable comparisons
  4. Less interference from researcher (re: observer’s paradox)
28
Q

Limitations of questionnaires

A
  1. Not great representativeness
  2. Self reporting can be inaccurate
  3. Often low rate of return
  4. Issues interpreting questions
29
Q

Types of questions

A
  1. Likert scale
  2. Closed Questions
  3. Open-ended questions
30
Q

Four types of open-ended questions

A
  1. Specific
  2. Clarification
  3. Sentence completion/elicitation questions
  4. Short answer
31
Q

Questions content

A
  1. Facts
  2. Beliefs and attitudes
  3. Behaviours
32
Q

Questionnaire format

A
  1. General introduction
  2. Specific instructions
  3. Questionnaire items (actual questions)
  4. Additional information
  5. Expression of gratitude
33
Q

Corpus definition

A

A collection of data

34
Q

Usually, corpus linguistics involves:

A
  1. Large collections of data
  2. Machine readable data
  3. Computer tools for analysis
35
Q

Benefits of corpus linguistics

A

Computers can identify patterns across large
collections of texts more quickly than
humans
Corpus software allows
analysts to view every
example of a variant in a
text collection

36
Q

Linguistic landscapes

A

Allows us to observe the roles of
different languages within a community

37
Q

Three corpus techniques

A

Frequency counts, collocations, concordance analysis

38
Q

Frequency

A

Involves counting the number of occurrences of
a particular word within a corpus/corpora

39
Q

Uses of frequency

A
  1. Change over time
  2. Dialect variation
  3. “Standard” grammar/language use
  4. Spelling conventions
  5. Genre conventions
40
Q

Concordance

A

Investigates which words
typically appear before and after
a word (probability)

41
Q

Collocation

A

Looks at words that occur near the word under study
(referred to as the node). Typically, the collocation looks at a span 4:4 – or four
words to the left or right of the node

Linguistics (8 decks)

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