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Linguistics > Ling2001 > Flashcards

Ling2001 Flashcards

1
Q

Morphology definition

A

Subset of grammatical rules regarding how words are formed.

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2
Q

Syntax definition

A

Subset of grammatical rules regarding arrangement of words into phrases and sentences.

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3
Q

Corpus

A

Data set of sentences people produce

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4
Q

Two important concepts in Lexical-Functional Grammar

A
  1. Grammatical functions (a.k.a grammatical relations): SUBJECT, OBJECT, etc.
  2. Semantic roles: Agent, Patient, Experiencer
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5
Q

Morpheme definition

A

Minimal units that bear meaning in language

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6
Q

Free morphemes

A

Can stand on their own (i.e. complete words)

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7
Q

Bound morphemes

A

Cannot stand alone. They need to attach to something else

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8
Q

Clitics

A

‘Halfway’ between free morphemes and affixes. They are phonologically bound (attached to their host), but are syntactically free (more flexible in distribution than affixes (‘scope’ over a whole phrase or clause).

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9
Q

6 Morphological processes

A

Affixation, Compounding, Reduplication, Stem modification, Suprasegmental modification, Suppletion (Replacement of Stem)

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10
Q

Compounding

A

root + root (to make a new word). E.g. baby-sit, air-tight.

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11
Q

Suprasegmental modification

A

E.g. permit (N) (pérmit) —> permit (V) (permít), record (N) (récord) —> record (V) (recórd)

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12
Q

Suppletion (Replacement of Stem)

A

There is no way to reconstruct back to the original word. E.g. ‘Be’ conjugations (are, am, was, is, etc.)

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13
Q

Predicate definition

A

Encodes states, actions or events

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14
Q

Agent

A

Causer or initiator of events.

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15
Q

Experiencer

A

Animate entity which perceives a stimulus or registers a particular mental or emotional process or state.

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16
Q

Recipient

A

Animate entity which receives or acquires something.

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17
Q

Beneficiary

A

Entity (usually animate) for whose benefit an action is performed.

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18
Q

Instrument

A

Inanimate entity used by an agent to perform some action.

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19
Q

Theme

A

Entity which undergoes a change of location or possession, or whose location is being specified.

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20
Q

Patient

A

Entity which is acted upon, affected, or created; or of which a state or change of state is predicated.

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21
Q

Stimulus

A

Object of perception, cognition, or emotion; entity which is seen, heard, known, remembered, loved, hated, etc.

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22
Q

Location

A

Spatial reference point of the event. The location role includes the sub-types source, goal, and path, which respectively describe the origin (or beginning-point), destination (or end-point), and pathway of a motion.

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23
Q

Accompaniment (or comitative)

A

Entity which accompanies or is associated with the performance of an action.

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24
Q

3 Levels of Syntactic Analysis

A
  1. Constituent structure
  2. Functional structure
  3. Argument structure
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25
Q

Technical definition of a clause =

A

Clause = a Predicate + its Arguments

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26
Q

Predicate

A

a function (in the mathematical sense): a process which relates required participants to each other

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27
Q

Arguments

A

the participants required by a given predicate

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28
Q

Constituents

A

String of words that behave as syntactic rules

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29
Q

Five syntactic tests for constituency in English

A
  1. Cleft constructions
  2. Pseudo-cleft construction
  3. Topicalisation
  4. Sentence fragments
  5. Coordination
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30
Q

Copula

A

The linking element in non-verbal predicates. English copula is the verb ‘be’ (is, was, are, be)

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31
Q

Adjuncts

A

Additional, non-required constituents. Not inherent to the meaning of the predicate.

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32
Q

Subject

A

‘Highest’ grammatical function; constituent which is most syntactically ‘available.’

33
Q

Object

A

Next ‘highest’ of the functions; constituent which is next most ‘available.’

34
Q

Oblique

A

Most syntactically ‘inert’ function; constituent which is least syntactically ‘available.’

35
Q

Tense

A

The grammatical expression of location in time

36
Q

Aspect

A

Grammatical expression of internal temporal shape of events and states.

37
Q

Main aspectual distinction:

A

Perfective vs Imperfective

38
Q

Mood (or mode, or modality)

A

Grammatical expression of speaker’s attitude toward ‘possible worlds’.

39
Q

Realis

A

Event has happened/claim holds true

40
Q

Irrealis

A

Event might happen; event might have happened but didn’t; or actualisation of event is not specified

41
Q

Epistemic

A

Speaker’s reasoning about, or assessment of evidence for, the event.

42
Q

Deontic

A

Expression of duty, desire, permission for, or obligation to the event.

43
Q

Noun classes

A

(Semi-)arbitrary division of nouns into two or more groups

44
Q

Case:

A

A system by which NPs are marked to show either their grammatical relation (structural, syntactic case), or their semantic role (semantic case).

45
Q

Determiner

A

Function morphemes that help narrow down what the N could be referring to.

46
Q

Subtypes of determiners

A

Demonstratives, Quantifiers, Possessive pronouns, Articles

47
Q

6 Logical Possibilities for Constituent Order

A

[SVO], [SOV], [VSO], [VOS], [OVS], [OSV].

48
Q

‘S’ argument

A

Only core argument of an intransitive clause.

49
Q

‘A’ argument

A

The most agent-like argument of a transitive clause.

50
Q

‘P’ argument

A

The other argument of a transitive clause (also referred to as ‘O’)

51
Q

Accusative alignment

A

‘S’ and ‘A’ is nominative case, ‘P’ is accusative case

52
Q

Ergative alignment

A

‘A’ is ergative case, ‘S’ and ‘P’ is absolutive case

53
Q

5 Manifestations of Alignment

A
  1. Case marking on full NPs
  2. Case marking on pronouns
  3. Form taken by verbal person markers
  4. Order of constituents
  5. Syntactic processes
54
Q

Split ergativity

A

In a single language, some clauses show ERG-ABS alignment; others, NOM-ACC. Split can be determined by: semantic/pragmatic characteristics of the arguments.

55
Q

Tripartite alignment

A

‘S’, ‘A’ and ‘P’ are all marked differently

56
Q

Deictic (pronouns)

A

Referring to something in the immediate situation

57
Q

Anaphoric (pronouns)

A

Referring back to an earlier linguistic expression. The thing that it refers back to is its antecedent.

58
Q

Anaphora

A

Relationship between two linguistic entities, where one (the anaphor) gets its meaning by referring back to the other (its antecedent)

59
Q

Voice

A

Mapping of a predicate’s semantic roles onto grammatical relations.

60
Q

Active voice

A

Agent (if there is one) is the subject

61
Q

Agent focus

A

Argument with most agentive semantic role = syntactic SUBJECT

62
Q

Theme focus

A

Argument with most theme-like/patientive semantic role = syntactic SUBJECT

63
Q

Relative clause

A

Clause that modifies a noun

64
Q

Relativised function

A

Grammatical function that the head N gets from the modifying (REL) clause. Essentially the direct object.

65
Q

3 main strategies to create relative clauses

A
  1. Gap Strategy
  2. Resumptive Pronoun Strategy
  3. Relative Pronoun Strategy
66
Q

Root

A

‘Greatest common denominator’ after removing all affixes.

67
Q

Stem

A

Whatever the inflectional morphology attaches to. Often is the root, but might be the root + derivational affixes.

68
Q

Derivational morphology

A

Contributes qualitatively semantic/lexical information

69
Q

Inflectional morphology

A

Contributes qualitatively grammatical information

70
Q

Isolating languages (a.k.a. analytic):

A

Little or no bound morphology.

71
Q

Synthetic languages:

A

Frequent use of bound morphology.

72
Q

Agglutinating languages:

A

Morphemes like beads on a string.

73
Q

Fusional languages:

A

Meanings don’t correspond to separable morphemes.

74
Q

Polysynthetic languages:

A

Phonological words comprise many morphemes. Many are semantically ‘heavier’ than expected of an affix.

75
Q

Heads:

A

The ‘main’ element in a construction. Determines the properties of the whole construction.

76
Q

Dependents:

A

The ‘other’ elements in a construction. Arguments or or adjunction of the head.

77
Q

Dependency is indicated by 4 things:

A
  1. Juxtaposition
  2. Morphology on the head
  3. Morphology on the dependent
  4. Morphology on both
78
Q

4 types of linguistic universals

A
  1. Absolute unconditional universals
  2. Statistical unconditional universals
  3. Absolute implicational universals
  4. Statistical implicational universals

Linguistics (8 decks)

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