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Ling2002 Flashcards

1
Q

Phonetics:

A

About the physical nature of speech sounds, their production and physical properties (articulation, acoustic properties, perceptual properties).

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2
Q

Phonology:

A

About the way that languages use/organise these sounds to encode meaning. I.e. how differences in sound are used to differentiate words in a language. How sounds are sequences within words, etc.

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3
Q

Articulatory phonetics:

A

The study of the organs of speech and their use in producing speech sounds.

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4
Q

Acoustic phonetics:

A

The study of the physical properties of sounds produced in speaking.

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5
Q

Auditory/perceptual phonetics:

A

The study of the perception of speech sounds by the ear, nervous system and brain.

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6
Q

Articulatory undershoot:

A

In normal speech, the the articulators frequently do not meet their (presumed) articulatory targets.

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7
Q

Articulatory undershoot may vary according to:

A
  1. The style of speed of speaking. E.g. ‘g’ in ‘recognition’ completely stops airflow in careful pronunciation; allows airflow in casual.
  2. Physical and emotional state.
  3. The phonetic targets of neighbouring sounds.
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8
Q

Co-articulation:

A

Transition between targets can result in an incidental simultaneous articulation which is not a specific phonetic target.

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9
Q

Co-ordination between the two constrictions:

A
  1. (Near-)simultaneous: both targets at the same time
  2. Sequential: one after the other
  3. Simultaneous onset, sequential release: articulators form two constrictions, one released just before the other (clicks, ejectives, implosives).
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10
Q

Passive articulators:

A

Articulators that do not move.

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11
Q

Apico-

A

Top of tongue

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12
Q

Lamino-

A

Blade of tongue

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13
Q

Egressive airstream:

A

flowing outwards (of the vocal tract)

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14
Q

Ingressive airstream:

A

flowing inwards (of the vocal tract). Sounds like clicks and implosives.

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15
Q

Pulmonic airstream:

A

airstream produced by action of the lungs. This is the majority of speech sounds.

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16
Q

Glottalic aistream:

A

airstream produced by movement of the (closed) glottis. Implosives (ingressive) and ejectives (egressive).

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17
Q

Velaric airstream:

A

airstream produced by the action of the tongue. Clicks (ingressive).

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18
Q

Voiced sounds:

A

The edges of the folds are held loosely together in such a way that air under pressure from the lungs can pass between the folds only in very small bursts

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19
Q

Voiceless sounds:

A

The folds are held relatively wide apart and the airstream passes through relatively undisturbed.

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20
Q

Whispering:

A

The folds are held closely together to create a narrow opening through which a high energy airstream is forced.

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21
Q

Creaky voice:

A

Results when the rear of the vocal folds are held tightly together but air is allowed to pass through the front of the glottis in small bursts.

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22
Q

Murmer:

A

The folds are held apart but the rate of airflow is so high that the folds ‘flap in the breeze’

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23
Q

Voice Onset Time (VOT):

A

The interval in the production of an individual consonant phone between the release of the supra-glottal constriction (e.g. at the lips) and, the (re-)start of the voicing for the following vowel.

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24
Q

Strong aspirated:

A

Large positive VOT, > 50ms.

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25
Unaspirated voiceless:
Zero VOT
26
Fully voiced:
Negative VOT (or not measured)
27
Partially voiced
Negative VOT
28
Lower F1:
Tongue higher
29
Higher F1:
Tongue lower
30
Lower F2:
Backer
31
Higher F2:
Fronter
32
On-glide:
A longer, syllabic component and a shorter or non-syllabic component that precedes.
33
Off-glide:
A longer, syllabic component and a shorter or non-syllabic component that follows.
34
Broader transcription:
less precise or less detailed.
35
Narrower transcription:
more precise or more detailed.
36
English R-Liason:
1. Linking R: Where it occurs between words in r-less dialects and the first orthographic word has final 'r'. 2. Intrusive R: Where it occurs between words but the first orthographic word does not end in 'r'.
37
Place Assimilation:
Alveolar assimilates to bilabial, alveolar assimilates to velar, alveolar to post-alveolar, fusion with post-alveolars.
38
Manner assimilation:
Assimilation with preceding sound, mostly affecting [ð] and mostly affecting grammatical words, of which many in English have initial [ð].
39
Absence of [h]:
From words like 'he' and 'him'. Absent when relatively unstressed, not at the beginning of an utterance.
40
Conventionalised variants:
Variant forms of some words are often conventionalised as strong and weak/reduced forms.
41
Phoneme:
A unit that represents a range or set of phones that don’t contrast with each other in a given language. Phonetic differences which do not alone differentiate words in the language.
42
Allophones:
The individual phones within a range or set.
43
Mutually exclusive distribution:
If two phones never occur in the same phonetic contexts
44
Complementary distribution (mutually exclusive):
The two phones are not contrastive in the language. They are allophones of the same phoneme.
45
Free variation (freely interchangeable in the same words):
The phones are not contrastive and are allophones of the same phoneme.
46
Minimal pairs:
The phones are contrastive and are allophones different phonemes.
47
Phonemic transcription:
Represents a single segment, word or utterance as a sequence of phonemes.
48
Phonetic transcription
Represents, with variable precision, actual utterances as a sequence of phones.
49
Allomorph:
Variant forms of a morpheme.
50
Morpheme:
A word component with discrete phonological form and a distinct meaning.
51
Unique Underlier Principle:
1. Wherever plausible, account for allomorphy as the result of: a single underlying form of each morpheme, which is modified by general phonological processes. 2. As a general principle, phonological allomorphy with phonological conditioning is analysed in terms of two components: a single basic form of each morpheme in the lexicon (the underlying form) + one or more general phonological processes that are expressed rigorously as rules.
52
Three things for comparing competing analyses.
Naturalness, simplicity, generality.
53
Naturalness:
1. Is the phonological process phonetically motived. Can we account for it in terms of general phonetic principles? 2. Is it common in the word’s languages.
54
Simplicity:
An analysis with fewer, simpler rules is preferred over one with more and/or more complex rules.
55
Generality:
A general phonological process is one which applies to a given sequence of segments wherever it arises, and is not just a matter of a specific morpheme.
56
Phonological rules can be said to interact if they:
1. Affect the same segment(s) in a representation, or 2. One rule affects segments that are part of the conditioning context of another rule.
57
Rule application is transparent if:
Both output and the conditioning context are always observable in the surface representation.
58
Major Class Features:
[±syllabic], [±consonantal], [±sonorant]
59
(Oral) Place Features:
[+coronal] ([±anterior], [±distributed]), [+labial] ([±round]), [+dorsal] ([±high], [±low], [±back])
60
Manner Features
[±continuant], [±strident], [+lateral], [+nasal], [+tense], [+ATR], [+CP]
61
Laryngeal Features
[±voice], [SpreadGlottis], [ConstrictedGl]
62
Universal Rules:
[+low] = [-high], [+sonorant] —> [+voice], [-cons, +back, -low] —> [+round]
63
Tone phenomena share segment aspects with:
1. Length (long vs short) of vowels/consonants, behaviour of geminate consonants 2. (Sequential) complex sounds, eg affricates and diphthongs 3. Assimilation, including vowel and consonant harmony 4. Some types of apparent metathesis (ab —> ba)
64
Syllable:
A recurring structural unit within words.
65
Sonority:
A kind of prominence often described as the inherent loudness of a particular segment. Related to the degree of constriction involved in the production of a speech sound.
66
Sonority Sequencing Generalisation:
The sonority of segments rises towards the central part (peak or nucleus) of the syllable, and falls in any segments after the nucleus.
67
Syllables provide a better account of the phonological properties of words:
1. Phonotactics 2. Phonological rules 3. Motivation of phonological process
68
Heavy syllables:
With a coda consonant or a diphthong
69
Light syllable:
Without a coda consonant or a diphthong
70
Onset
Preceding consonants (of the nucleus)
71
Coda
Following consonants (of the nucleus)

Linguistics (8 decks)

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