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Linguistics > Ling2002 > Flashcards

Ling2002 Flashcards

1
Q

Phonetics:

A

About the physical nature of speech sounds, their production and physical properties (articulation, acoustic properties, perceptual properties).

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2
Q

Phonology:

A

About the way that languages use/organise these sounds to encode meaning. I.e. how differences in sound are used to differentiate words in a language. How sounds are sequences within words, etc.

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3
Q

Articulatory phonetics:

A

The study of the organs of speech and their use in producing speech sounds.

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4
Q

Acoustic phonetics:

A

The study of the physical properties of sounds produced in speaking.

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5
Q

Auditory/perceptual phonetics:

A

The study of the perception of speech sounds by the ear, nervous system and brain.

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6
Q

Articulatory undershoot:

A

In normal speech, the the articulators frequently do not meet their (presumed) articulatory targets.

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7
Q

Articulatory undershoot may vary according to:

A
  1. The style of speed of speaking. E.g. ‘g’ in ‘recognition’ completely stops airflow in careful pronunciation; allows airflow in casual.
  2. Physical and emotional state.
  3. The phonetic targets of neighbouring sounds.
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8
Q

Co-articulation:

A

Transition between targets can result in an incidental simultaneous articulation which is not a specific phonetic target.

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9
Q

Co-ordination between the two constrictions:

A
  1. (Near-)simultaneous: both targets at the same time
  2. Sequential: one after the other
  3. Simultaneous onset, sequential release: articulators form two constrictions, one released just before the other (clicks, ejectives, implosives).
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10
Q

Passive articulators:

A

Articulators that do not move.

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11
Q

Apico-

A

Top of tongue

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12
Q

Lamino-

A

Blade of tongue

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13
Q

Egressive airstream:

A

flowing outwards (of the vocal tract)

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14
Q

Ingressive airstream:

A

flowing inwards (of the vocal tract). Sounds like clicks and implosives.

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15
Q

Pulmonic airstream:

A

airstream produced by action of the lungs. This is the majority of speech sounds.

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16
Q

Glottalic aistream:

A

airstream produced by movement of the (closed) glottis. Implosives (ingressive) and ejectives (egressive).

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17
Q

Velaric airstream:

A

airstream produced by the action of the tongue. Clicks (ingressive).

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18
Q

Voiced sounds:

A

The edges of the folds are held loosely together in such a way that air under pressure from the lungs can pass between the folds only in very small bursts

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19
Q

Voiceless sounds:

A

The folds are held relatively wide apart and the airstream passes through relatively undisturbed.

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20
Q

Whispering:

A

The folds are held closely together to create a narrow opening through which a high energy airstream is forced.

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21
Q

Creaky voice:

A

Results when the rear of the vocal folds are held tightly together but air is allowed to pass through the front of the glottis in small bursts.

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22
Q

Murmer:

A

The folds are held apart but the rate of airflow is so high that the folds ‘flap in the breeze’

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23
Q

Voice Onset Time (VOT):

A

The interval in the production of an individual consonant phone between the release of the supra-glottal constriction (e.g. at the lips) and, the (re-)start of the voicing for the following vowel.

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24
Q

Strong aspirated:

A

Large positive VOT, > 50ms.

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25
Q

Unaspirated voiceless:

A

Zero VOT

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26
Q

Fully voiced:

A

Negative VOT (or not measured)

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27
Q

Partially voiced

A

Negative VOT

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28
Q

Lower F1:

A

Tongue higher

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29
Q

Higher F1:

A

Tongue lower

30
Q

Lower F2:

A

Backer

31
Q

Higher F2:

A

Fronter

32
Q

On-glide:

A

A longer, syllabic component and a shorter or non-syllabic component that precedes.

33
Q

Off-glide:

A

A longer, syllabic component and a shorter or non-syllabic component that follows.

34
Q

Broader transcription:

A

less precise or less detailed.

35
Q

Narrower transcription:

A

more precise or more detailed.

36
Q

English R-Liason:

A
  1. Linking R: Where it occurs between words in r-less dialects and the first orthographic word has final ‘r’.
  2. Intrusive R: Where it occurs between words but the first orthographic word does not end in ‘r’.
37
Q

Place Assimilation:

A

Alveolar assimilates to bilabial, alveolar assimilates to velar, alveolar to post-alveolar, fusion with post-alveolars.

38
Q

Manner assimilation:

A

Assimilation with preceding sound, mostly affecting [ð] and mostly affecting grammatical words, of which many in English have initial [ð].

39
Q

Absence of [h]:

A

From words like ‘he’ and ‘him’. Absent when relatively unstressed, not at the beginning of an utterance.

40
Q

Conventionalised variants:

A

Variant forms of some words are often conventionalised as strong and weak/reduced forms.

41
Q

Phoneme:

A

A unit that represents a range or set of phones that don’t contrast with each other in a given language. Phonetic differences which do not alone differentiate words in the language.

42
Q

Allophones:

A

The individual phones within a range or set.

43
Q

Mutually exclusive distribution:

A

If two phones never occur in the same phonetic contexts

44
Q

Complementary distribution (mutually exclusive):

A

The two phones are not contrastive in the language. They are allophones of the same phoneme.

45
Q

Free variation (freely interchangeable in the same words):

A

The phones are not contrastive and are allophones of the same phoneme.

46
Q

Minimal pairs:

A

The phones are contrastive and are allophones different phonemes.

47
Q

Phonemic transcription:

A

Represents a single segment, word or utterance as a sequence of phonemes.

48
Q

Phonetic transcription

A

Represents, with variable precision, actual utterances as a sequence of phones.

49
Q

Allomorph:

A

Variant forms of a morpheme.

50
Q

Morpheme:

A

A word component with discrete phonological form and a distinct meaning.

51
Q

Unique Underlier Principle:

A
  1. Wherever plausible, account for allomorphy as the result of: a single underlying form of each morpheme, which is modified by general phonological processes.
  2. As a general principle, phonological allomorphy with phonological conditioning is analysed in terms of two components: a single basic form of each morpheme in the lexicon (the underlying form) + one or more general phonological processes that are expressed rigorously as rules.
52
Q

Three things for comparing competing analyses.

A

Naturalness, simplicity, generality.

53
Q

Naturalness:

A
  1. Is the phonological process phonetically motived. Can we account for it in terms of general phonetic principles?
  2. Is it common in the word’s languages.
54
Q

Simplicity:

A

An analysis with fewer, simpler rules is preferred over one with more and/or more complex rules.

55
Q

Generality:

A

A general phonological process is one which applies to a given sequence of segments wherever it arises, and is not just a matter of a specific morpheme.

56
Q

Phonological rules can be said to interact if they:

A
  1. Affect the same segment(s) in a representation, or
  2. One rule affects segments that are part of the conditioning context of another rule.
57
Q

Rule application is transparent if:

A

Both output and the conditioning context are always observable in the surface representation.

58
Q

Major Class Features:

A

[±syllabic], [±consonantal], [±sonorant]

59
Q

(Oral) Place Features:

A

[+coronal] ([±anterior], [±distributed]), [+labial] ([±round]), [+dorsal] ([±high], [±low], [±back])

60
Q

Manner Features

A

[±continuant], [±strident], [+lateral], [+nasal], [+tense], [+ATR], [+CP]

61
Q

Laryngeal Features

A

[±voice], [SpreadGlottis], [ConstrictedGl]

62
Q

Universal Rules:

A

[+low] = [-high], [+sonorant] —> [+voice], [-cons, +back, -low] —> [+round]

63
Q

Tone phenomena share segment aspects with:

A
  1. Length (long vs short) of vowels/consonants, behaviour of geminate consonants
  2. (Sequential) complex sounds, eg affricates and diphthongs
  3. Assimilation, including vowel and consonant harmony
  4. Some types of apparent metathesis (ab —> ba)
64
Q

Syllable:

A

A recurring structural unit within words.

65
Q

Sonority:

A

A kind of prominence often described as the inherent loudness of a particular segment. Related to the degree of constriction involved in the production of a speech sound.

66
Q

Sonority Sequencing Generalisation:

A

The sonority of segments rises towards the central part (peak or nucleus) of the syllable, and falls in any segments after the nucleus.

67
Q

Syllables provide a better account of the phonological properties of words:

A
  1. Phonotactics
  2. Phonological rules
  3. Motivation of phonological process
68
Q

Heavy syllables:

A

With a coda consonant or a diphthong

69
Q

Light syllable:

A

Without a coda consonant or a diphthong

70
Q

Onset

A

Preceding consonants (of the nucleus)

71
Q

Coda

A

Following consonants (of the nucleus)

Linguistics (8 decks)

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