Leipzig Glossing Rules

Question 1

Segmentable morphemes are separated by…

Answer 1

Hyphens

Question 2

Clitic boundaries are marked by an…

Answer 2

Equals sign

Question 3

When a single object-language element is rendered by several metalanguage elements (words or abbreviations), these are separated by…

Answer 3

Periods

Question 4

If an object-language element is neither formally nor semantically segmentable and only the metalanguage happens to lack a single word equivalent, the … may be used instead of the period

Answer 4

Underscore

Question 5

If an object-language element is formally unsegmentable but has two or more clearly distinguishable meanings or grammatical properties, the … may be used.

Answer 5

Semi-colon

Question 6

If an object-language element is formally and semantically segmentable, but the author does not want to show the formal segmentation, the … may be used.

Answer 6

Colon

Question 7

If a grammatical property in the object-language is signalled by a morphophonological change, the … is used to separate the category label and the rest of the gloss.

Answer 7

Backslash

Question 8

If a language has person-number affixes that express the agent-like and patient-like argument of a transitive verb simultaneously, the symbol “…” may be used in the gloss to indicate that the first is the agent-like argument and the second is the patient-like argument.

Answer 8

>

Question 9

Infixes are enclosed by…

Answer 9

Angle brackets

Question 10

Reduplication is treated similarly to affixation, but with a … (instead of an ordinary hyphen) connecting the copied element to the stem.

Answer 10

Tilde (~)

Question 11

1, 2, 3

Answer 11

First person, second person, third person

Question 12

A

Answer 12

agent-like argument of a canonical transitive verb

Question 13

ABS

Answer 13

absolutive

Question 14

ACC

Answer 14

accusative

Question 15

ADJ

Answer 15

adjective

Question 16

ADV

Answer 16

adverb(ial)

Question 17

AGR

Answer 17

agreement

Question 18

ANTIP

Answer 18

antipassive

Question 19

ART

Answer 19

article

Question 20

AUX

Answer 20

auxiliary

Question 21

BEN

Answer 21

benefactive

Question 22

CAUS

Answer 22

causative

Question 23

COMP

Answer 23

complementizer

Question 24

COMPL

Answer 24

completive

Question 25

COND

Answer 25

conditional

Question 26

COP

Answer 26

copula

Question 27

DAT

Answer 27

dative

Question 28

DEF

Answer 28

definite

Question 29

DET

Answer 29

determiner

Question 30

DU

Answer 30

dual

Question 31

ERG

Answer 31

ergative

Question 32

EXCL

Answer 32

exclusive

Question 33

F

Answer 33

feminine

Question 34

FUT

Answer 34

future

Question 35

IMP

Answer 35

imperative

Question 36

INCL

Answer 36

inclusive

Question 37

INDF

Answer 37

indefinite

Question 38

INTR

Answer 38

intransitive

Question 39

IRR

Answer 39

irrealis

Question 40

LOC

Answer 40

locative

Question 41

M

Answer 41

masculine

Question 42

N-

Answer 42

non- (e.g. NSG nonsingular, NPST nonpast)

Question 43

NEG

Answer 43

negation, negative

Question 44

NMLZ

Answer 44

nominalizer/nominalization

Question 45

NOM

Answer 45

nominative

Question 46

OBJ

Answer 46

object

Question 47

OBL

Answer 47

oblique

Question 48

P

Answer 48

patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb

Question 49

PASS

Answer 49

passive

Question 50

PL

Answer 50

plural

Question 51

POSS

Answer 51

possessive

Question 52

PRED

Answer 52

predicative

Question 53

PRS

Answer 53

present

Question 54

PROG

Answer 54

prorgressive

Question 55

PST

Answer 55

past

Question 56

Q

Answer 56

question particle/marker

Question 57

REFL

Answer 57

reflexive

Question 58

REL

Answer 58

relative

Question 59

S

Answer 59

single argument of canonical intransitive verb

Question 60

SBJ

Answer 60

subject

Question 61

SG

Answer 61

singular

Question 62

TOP

Answer 62

topic

Question 63

TR

Answer 63

transitive