Socioemotional Development in Infancy/Childhood

Question 1

Erikson’s Stages of Early Psychosocial Development
(BT vs T. A vs S&D. In vs G)

Answer 1

Basic trust vs. mistrust
- With a proper balance of trust and mistrust, infants can acquire hope

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
- A blend of autonomy, shame, and doubt gives rise to the knowledge that within limits, youngsters can act on their world intentionally

Initiative vs. guilt
- Purpose is achieved with a balance between individual initiative and a willingness to cooperate with others

Question 2

Bowlby’s 4 Stages of attachment
(PAS. AiM. TA. RR.)

Answer 2

• Pre-attachment stage (birth to 6-8 weeks)
• Attachment in the making (6-8 weeks to 6-8 months)
• True attachment (6-8 months to 18 months)
• Reciprocal relationships (18 months on)

Question 3

Father-Infant Relationships

Answer 3

Fathers tend to spend more time playing with children than taking care of them
- Children tend to seek out the father for a playmate; mothers are preferred for comfort

Question 4

Ainsworth’s Child & Mom Study
(3 Steps for the Experiment)

Answer 4

1. Child and mom occupy an unfamiliar room filled with toys
2. Mom leaves room momentarily
3. Mom then returns to room

Child’s reactions help to classify 4 types of attachment

Question 5

Ainsworth’s Forms of Attachment
(SA. AA. RA. DA)

Answer 5

• Secure attachment : baby may or may not cry upon separation
• Avoidant attachment: baby not upset by separation
• Resistant attachment : separation upsets baby and baby remains upset after mom returns
• Disorganized attachment: separation and return confuse the baby

Question 6

The Function of Emotions

Answer 6

Emotions have functional (adaptive) value
- Example : help to guide behavior or facilitate relationships

Question 7

Basic (Primary) vs Complex (Secondary) Emotions

Answer 7

Basic emotions consist of a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behavior
- Examples: joy, sadness, anger, fear etc

Complex emotions : stem from basic
- Examples : grief, embarrassment

Question 8

Development of Basic Emotions

Answer 8

Newborns: pleasure and distress
2 to 3 months: sadness & social smiles
4 to 6 months: anger
6 months: stranger wariness & disgust
18-24 months : complex emotions

Question 9

Emotion Regulation

Answer 9

Controlling what one feels and how to communicate feeling

Question 10

Types of Play
(PP. SSP. CP)

Answer 10

• Parallel play : children play alone but are interested in what others are doing
• Simple social play : children do similar activities and talk to each other
• Cooperative play : theme-based play where children take special roles

Question 11

Prosocial behavior

Answer 11

Behavior that benefits another