Socioculture Flashcards
Define social identity theory (2)
suggests individual’s sense of self is developed based on group membership
identity shared with other members of the same group
Social groups in social identity theory (2)
in-groups
out-groups
In-groups in social identity theory
group which an individual identifies with as being a member
Out-groups in social identity theory
group which an individual does not identify with being a member
4 categories of social identity theory (4)
social categorisation
social identification
social comparison
positive distinctiveness
Define social categorisation of Social Identity Theory (2)
division of social groups into in-groups + out-groups
depending on individual’s identity
Define social identification of Social Identity Theory
process where individual strongly identifies with in-group
Define social comparison of Social Identity Theory (2)
in-group is compared to out-group
in-group perceived more favorably
Define positive distinctiveness of social identity theory
motivation that an in-group is better than the out-group
Evaluation of social identity theory (3)
only based on competing groups where one group is perceived superior to another
suggest that in-group favortism automatically leads to stereotyping/discrimination
different cultures have different individualistic and collectivist
Aim of Tajfel et al.
investigate in-group biases
Participants of Tajfel et al.
14-15 british schoolboys
Procedure of Tajfel et al. (2)
randomly allocated to “Klee” or “Kadinsky” group
given matrix where they could earn themselves/team more points but reduce points for opposite team
Results of Tajfel et al. (2)
boys favored choosing points that would increase the difference between the points of their team and their opposing team
supported social identity theory
Evaluation of social identity theory
limited generalisabilty due to participants being teenage males
Define social cognitive theory (2)
behaviour acquired by observation/imitation of behaviour from other members of a group
behaviours based on observed consequence of behaviour
Define reciprocal determinism
idea that individual is both influenced and influences their environment
Stages of social cognitive theory (4)
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
Explain the identification/observation stage of the social cognitive theory (2)
behaviour to be reciprocated is first observed
individuals more likely to learn from observing others they identify with
Explain the retention stage of the social cognitive theory
behaviour has to be remembered
Explain the reproduction stage of the social cognitive theory (2)
behaviour is only learned/reproduced if individual can physically reproduce it
self efficacy - an individual’s beliefs in their capability to execute certain activities
Explain the motivation stage of the social cognitive theory (2)
whether individuals want to imitate behaviour
vicarious reinforcement - individual wants to carry out behaviour depending on other individuals being rewarded or punished for that behaviour
Aim of Bandura (1961) (3)
investigate the validity of the social cognitive theory
whether children would imitate aggressive behaviour from an aggressive adult
whether they were more likely to imitate those that shared their gender
Participants of Bandura (4)
36 boys + 36 girls (3-4 y/old)
rated by their teachers + parents on their aggression
randomly assigned to 3 groups: Aggressive model, non-agressive, control
stratified sampling - matched into groups to ensure each group had similar amount of different baseline aggression levels
