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IB Psychology > Localisation + Neurotransmission + Neuroplasticity > Flashcards

Localisation + Neurotransmission + Neuroplasticity Flashcards

1
Q

Define localisation

A

specific areas of the cerebral cortex have specialised physical + psychological functions

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2
Q

Function of frontal lobe (3)

A

facilitates problem solving, memory

major role in decision making

involved in how we think about our future selves

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3
Q

Function of parietal lobe (3)

A

facilitates spatial processing, sensory processing, speech

spatial processing - perception of our 3D world + memories of space + distance

allows us to understand spoken language

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4
Q

Function of occipital lobe (2)

A

facilitates vision

optic nerve connected to occipital lobe

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5
Q

Function of temporal lobe (2)

A

located at side of brain (near temple)

processes sensory information, memories, speech + language

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6
Q

Function of brain stem + cerebellum (3)

A

responsible for motor movements

communication with other brain regions

coordination of organ function

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7
Q

Brain parts within limbic system (3)

A

amygdala

hippocampus

hypothalamus

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8
Q

Functions of limbic system (3)

A

memory

emotion

motivation

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9
Q

Function of amygdala

A

associated with fear + memory

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10
Q

Function of hippocampus

A

associated with formation of memory

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11
Q

Function of hypothalamus (2)

A

regulates autonomic nervous system

communicates with endocrine system

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12
Q

Define the equipotential theory (2)

A

believes all areas of the brain are equally active in overall mental functioning

effects of damage to brain are determined by extent than location

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13
Q

Function of broca zone

A

responsible for converting thought into speech

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14
Q

Define lateralisation

A

dominance of the one hemisphere of the brain for specific physical + physchological properties

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15
Q

Functions of the central core/brain stem (2)

A

regulates involuntary behaviours

e.g homeostasis, breathing, sleeping

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16
Q

Brain imaging methods (5)

A

EEG

computer topography (CT)

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

positron emission topography (PET)

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17
Q

Which brain imaging methods show brain structure (2)

A

CT

MRI

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18
Q

Which brain imaging methods show brain function (2)

A

EEG

PET

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19
Q

How PET scans work (4)

A

radioactive dye with glucose injected into participant

brain metabolises glucose

brain areas with more glucose metabolisation = more brain activity in that region

PET detects gamma rays

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20
Q

How MRI works (3)

A

produces static image of brain

uses magnetic fields + pulses of radiowave energy

have high degree of detail

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21
Q

How fMRI works (2)

A

large magnet creates images

changes in blood flow to different brain areas shows activity

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22
Q

Advantages of fMRI (3)

A

does not use radiation

has better spatial definition

easy technology to use

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23
Q

Advantages of brain imaging technology (3)

A

not invasive to participant

can expand psychological knowledge

can identify brain region involved in specific activity

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24
Q

Disadvantages of brain imaging technology (4)

A

rely on precision of software

can be stressful for participant

measurment takes place in artifical scenario

expensive

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25
Define retrograde amnesia
inability to recall memories prior trauma
26
Define anterograde amnesia
inability to recall memories post trauma
27
Define neuroplasticity (2)
the ability of the brain to change/reorganise itself environment by forming new connections between brain cells (neurons)
28
Define structural plasticity
experiences or memories which change brain structure
29
Define functional plasticity
brain functions move from damaged areas to undamaged areas
30
Define synaptic plasticicty
connections between neurons become stronger or weaker depending on how often they are used
31
What happens when we learn something new
dendritic branching - dendrites of neurons grow in number to connect with other neurons
32
Define cortical remapping (2)
one part of the brain takes over functions of a damaged area e.g phantom limb syndrome
33
Define neuronal activity
connections between neurons strengthen when neurons are frequently activated together
34
Define synaptic pruning (2)
process of eliminating unused synapses connections between neurons strengthen when neurons are frequently activated together
35
Aim of Maguire et al study
investigate whether environmental traits would cause physical change in the brain
36
Participants of Maguire et al study
16 male London taxi drivers
37
Procedure of Maguire et al study (2)
MRI used to scan their brains compared scans to a public MRI database
38
Results of Maguire et al study
increased size of hippocampus compared with control (improved spatial memory)
39
Implications of Maguire et al study
provided evidence for neuroplasticity + localisation
40
Aim of Draganski et al. study
investigate impact of learning a new skill (juggling) on potential structural changes of brain
41
Participants of Draganski et al study (2)
24 participants - 21 female, 4 male participants were all non-jugglers
42
Procedure of Draganski et al study (5)
participants separated into 2 conditions: jugglers + non-jugglers all participants had initial MRI scan juggling groups would alert researchers once they had learned how to juggler 2nd MRI scan would then take place juggles told not to juggle anymore + 3rd MRI scan taken after 3 months
43
Results of MRI scan for Draganski et al (4)
VBM used to analyse grey matter in MRI scans 1st MRI scan - no significant differences between 2 groups 2nd MRI scan - jugglers had larger grey matter in mid-temporal region (visual memory) 3rd MRI scan - most jugglers unable to juggle + grey matter decreased
44
Features of neurons (3)
has 2 settings : either fires or doesnt carry signals to and from brain information carried by electrical impulses
45
Define neurotransmission (2)
neurons send chemicals (neurotransmitters) across the synapse (gap between neurons) chemical picked up by another neuron
46
Define neurotransmitters (3)
body's natural chemical reactions transmit information from one neuron to another examples of neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine
47
Describe process of neurotransmission (4)
electrical impulse travels down axon of neuron neurotransmitter released when impulse reaches axonal terminator neurotransmitter crosses synaptic gap to other neuron neurotransmitter fits into receptor sites of other neuron
48
Function of a neuron's terminal buttons
stores neurotransmitters
49
Function of reuptake in neurotransmission
neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the neuron that releases them
50
Define excitatory neurotransmitters (2)
compel a neuron to activate stimulate post-synaptic neuron to fire
51
Define inhibitory neurotransmitters
inhibit post-synaptic neuron from firing
52
Define agonists in neurotransmission (2)
molecule which increases effect of a neurotransmitter mimicks neurotransmitter and binds to receptor of post-synaptic neuron
53
Define antagonist in neurotransmission (2)
reduces effect of neurotransmitters blocks receptor sites on post-synaptic neurons
54
Purpose of ketamine
anesthetic
55
How Ketamine works as an anesthetic (3)
antagonist for glutamate in high doses glutamate - excitatory neurotransmitter which facilitates neural network communication agonist for glutamate in low doses, enhances glutamate production (increases stimulation of receptors)
56
Function of serotonin (2)
associated with key cognitive functions emotion, perception, appetite, sleep, memory
57
Aim of Crockett et al study
understand role of serotonin in moral judgement and behaviour
58
Participants of Crockett et al study (2)
24 participants repeated measures, double blind experiment
59
Procedure of Crockett et al study (4)
participants given citalopram (serotonin reuptake inhibitor), increase serotonin levels participants given atomoxetine (noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor) or placebo participants engaged in 29 moral judgement hypothetical questions participants also engaged in ultimatum game
60
Results of Crockett et al study (2)
participants with more serotonin based morality on actions which would not directly harm another person participants with more serotonin were less likely to reject unfair offers
61
Conclusion of Crockett et al study (2)
serotonin promotes social behaviour enhances harm aversion (feeling bad about harming others) which affects moral judgement + behaviour
62
Strengths of Crockett et al. study (2)
Lab experiment - can clearly establish cause + effect responses on moral judgement allowed results to be more specific
63
Weaknesses of Crockett et al. study (2)
moral scenarios + ultimatum game lack ecological validity sample selection was limited

IB Psychology (8 decks)

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