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IB Psychology > IB Psychology > Flashcards

IB Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Define quantitative research (2)

A

quantifies collection + analysis of data

uses numbers + statistics

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2
Q

Examples of quantitative research (4)

A

Lab Experiments

Field Experiments

Quasi Experiments

Correlational Studies

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3
Q

Define qualitative research (3)

A

going beyond what can be quantified and measured + more subjective

asks “how” and “why” questions

data comes in form of texts

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4
Q

Examples of qualitative research (3)

A

Naturalistic Observation

Interviews

Case Studies

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5
Q

Define the aim in an experiment

A

sets out what the research wants to find out

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6
Q

Define the hypothesis in an experiment (2)

A

precise testable statement which can be right or wrong

idea/explanation based on existing evidence

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7
Q

Define operationalization (2)

A

specifically defining how a concept or variable will be measured/observed in a study

expressing something in terms of observable behaviour

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8
Q

Define the independent variable (2)

A

factor manipulated by the researcher - cause

what is changed

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9
Q

Define the dependent variable (2)

A

factor measured by the researcher

effect

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10
Q

Define a null hypothesis (2)

A

predicts no effect

manipulated variable will not cause a change in measured variable

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11
Q

Define an alternative hypothesis/research hypothesis (2)

A

predicts an effect

manipulated variable will cause some change in measured variable

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12
Q

Define a one-tailed hypothesis (2)

A

predicts an effect in one direction

one manipulated variable will produce an effect grater than another manipulated variable

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13
Q

Define a two-tailed hypothesis (2)

A

predicts an effect in either direction

manipulated variable will produce an effect greater or less than another manipulated variable

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14
Q

Define a confounding variable (2)

A

outside influence that effects the independent + dependent variables

type of extraneous variable

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15
Q

Define an extraneous variable

A

any variable other than IV that can affect the DV of the experiment

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16
Q

Features of a Lab Experiment (2)

A

controlled environment

researcher manipulates independent variable(s) to observe effect (dependent variables)

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17
Q

Features of a field experiment (2)

A

conducted in natural setting/real-world environment

researcher manipulates independent variable(s) to observe effect (dependent variables)

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18
Q

Features of Quasi experiments (2)

A

participants are grouped in pre-existing characteristics (age, gender) which act as IVs

IV not controlled by researcher

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19
Q

Features of Natural experiments

A

involves pre-existing IVs manipulated naturally

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20
Q

Pros of a lab experiment (2)

A

can establish cause and effect

high control

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21
Q

Negatives of a lab experiment

A

artificial setting - not reliable in real world

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22
Q

Pros of field experiment

A

natural setting - reliable in real world

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23
Q

Negatives of field experiment (2)

A

less control

possible ethical issues

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24
Q

Pros of natural experiment (2)

A

reliable in real world

ethically feasible

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25
Q

Cons of natural experiment (2)

A

no control over variables

difficult to replicate since unique

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26
Q

Pros of quasi-experiment (2)

A

practical

ethical

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27
Q

Cons of quasi-experiment (2)

A

confounding variables

less certain for cause

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28
Q

Features of Independent measures experiment design (2)

A

different participant used in different conditions of experiment

participants picked at random

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29
Q

Pros of independent measures experiment design (2)

A

avoids order effects

participants less likely to guess aim of experiment

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30
Q

Cons of independent measures design (2)

A

more participants required

one condition may not have equal quality participants to others

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31
Q

Features of Repeated measures experiment design

A

same participants take place in both conditions of experiment

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32
Q

Pros of repeated measures experiment design

A

fewer participants required

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33
Q

Cons of repeated measures experiment design

A

order effect - order of condition may affect participants behaviour + change results

34
Q

Features of matched pairs experiment design (2)

A

pairs of participants matched in key variables (e.g age)

each member of pair separated into different conditions

35
Q

Pros of matched pairs experiment design (2)

A

reduces participant variables

avoids order effects

36
Q

Cons of matched pairs experiment design (2)

A

time-consuming to match pairs

impossible to match people exactly

37
Q

Features of random sampling

A

every member of target population has equal chance of selection

38
Q

Pros of random sampling (2)

A

minimizes bias - completely random + researcher has no control

most likely to produce representative sample of target pop.

39
Q

Cons of random sampling (2)

A

time consuming + difficult to make list of target population

chance of obtaining unrepresentative sample

40
Q

Features of opportunity sampling

A

selecting participants readily available to researcher

41
Q

Pros of opportunity sampling

A

convenient + cost-effective - less time + effort

42
Q

Cons of opportunity sampling (2)

A

likely to only represent small group rather than target pop.

researcher bias - researcher has control over selection

43
Q

Features of stratified sampling

A

reflects proportion of different groups within target population

44
Q

Pros of stratified sampling (2)

A

more representation

reduces researcher bias

45
Q

Cons of stratified sampling

A

may not fully be representative

46
Q

Features of volunteer sampling

A

participants choose themselves to be part of the study

47
Q

Pros of volunteer sampling (2)

A

easy to conduct

diverse participants

48
Q

Cons of volunteer sampling

A

may not be fully representative - participants may all share a characteristic

49
Q

Features of systematic sampling

A

selecting participants from a larger population at regular intervals

50
Q

Pros of systematic sampling (3)

A

easy + simple

reduces bias

even distribution

51
Q

Cons of systematic sampling (2)

A

less random than random sampling

requires complete list of population

52
Q

Pros of snowball sampling (3)

A

useful for hard to reach groups (e.g specific social groups)

efficient

good for qualitative research for in-depth sample

52
Q

Features of snowball sampling

A

uses existing participants to recruit more participants among their acquaintances

53
Q

Cons of snowball sampling (4)

A

may have bias - participants may recruit people with similar characteristics to them

lack of representation

dependent on network of participants

privacy concerns

54
Q

Define demand characteristics

A

clues in an experiment that convey to the participants the purpose of the research

55
Q

Define briefing

A

context/aim of experiment provided to participants after which participants will give consent

56
Q

Examples of extraneous variables (6)

A

order effects

demand characteristics

investigator effects

participant variability

researcher bias

environment

57
Q

Define participant variability

A

when characteristics of a sample affect the dependent variable

58
Q

Examples of demand characteristics (3)

A

Expectancy effect

Screw you effect

social desirability effect

59
Q

Define expectancy effect

A

participant attempts to give “right answer” to help prove researcher’s hypothesis

60
Q

Define screw you effect

A

participant attempts to discern the hypotheses to destroy the credibility of the study

61
Q

Define social desirability effect

A

participant answers to make themself look good to researcher

62
Q

Define single blind (2)

A

participant does not know which condition of experiment they are in

reduces demand characteristics

63
Q

Define double blind (2)

A

participant + researcher do not know which condition the participant is in

reduces demand characteristics + researcher bias

64
Q

Define standardisation as a control variable

A

standardised procedure to prevent different instructions being read out

65
Q

Define counterbalancing as a control variable (2)

A

used in repeated measures design

alternating the order which participants do experiments

66
Q

Define reliability

A

consistent results

67
Q

What does internal validity measure

A

how consistent the results are within themselves

68
Q

What does external validity measure

A

how consistent the results are over time

69
Q

Define validity

A

how accurately results satisfy the aim of experiment

70
Q

What is meant by internal validity (2)

A

researchers have measured what they initially wanted to measure

have not been confounded by other variables e.g demand characteristics

71
Q

What is meant by external validity

A

extent which study can be generalised/applied to other situations

72
Q

Types of internal validity

A

construct validity

73
Q

Define construct validity

A

how accurately a test measures an underlying principle

74
Q

Types of external validity (2)

A

ecological validity

population validity

75
Q

Parts of ethics in psychology (6)

A

consent

deception

confidentiality

debriefing

withdrawal

protection

76
Q

Consent in ethics (2)

A

participants agreement should be based on full knowledge of experiment

can potentially influence validity of experiment by giving information

77
Q

Deception in ethics

A

lying/withholding information to participants should be avoided when possible

78
Q

Withdrawal in ethics

A

participant can leave and take data with them

79
Q

Protection in ethics (2)

A

participants should not suffer due to experiment

researchers may not always be able to predict what happens but should intervene

80
Q

Privacy in ethics

A

participants have rights to not be under scrutiny

81
Q

Confidentiality in ethics

A

personal details of participants should be concealed

IB Psychology (2 decks)

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