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IB Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Define quantitative research (2)

A

quantifies collection + analysis of data

uses numbers + statistics

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2
Q

Examples of quantitative research (4)

A

Lab Experiments

Field Experiments

Quasi Experiments

Correlational Studies

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3
Q

Define qualitative research (3)

A

going beyond what can be quantified and measured + more subjective

asks “how” and “why” questions

data comes in form of texts

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4
Q

Examples of qualitative research (3)

A

Naturalistic Observation

Interviews

Case Studies

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5
Q

Define the aim in an experiment

A

sets out what the research wants to find out

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6
Q

Define the hypothesis in an experiment (2)

A

precise testable statement which can be right or wrong

idea/explanation based on existing evidence

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7
Q

Define operationalization (2)

A

specifically defining how a concept or variable will be measured/observed in a study

expressing something in terms of observable behaviour

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8
Q

Define the independent variable (2)

A

factor manipulated by the researcher - cause

what is changed

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9
Q

Define the dependent variable (2)

A

factor measured by the researcher

effect

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10
Q

Define a null hypothesis (2)

A

predicts no effect

manipulated variable will not cause a change in measured variable

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11
Q

Define an alternative hypothesis/research hypothesis (2)

A

predicts an effect

manipulated variable will cause some change in measured variable

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12
Q

Define a one-tailed hypothesis (2)

A

predicts an effect in one direction

one manipulated variable will produce an effect grater than another manipulated variable

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13
Q

Define a two-tailed hypothesis (2)

A

predicts an effect in either direction

manipulated variable will produce an effect greater or less than another manipulated variable

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14
Q

Define a confounding variable (2)

A

outside influence that effects the independent + dependent variables

type of extraneous variable

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15
Q

Define an extraneous variable

A

any variable other than IV that can affect the DV of the experiment

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16
Q

Features of a Lab Experiment (2)

A

controlled environment

researcher manipulates independent variable(s) to observe effect (dependent variables)

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17
Q

Features of a field experiment (2)

A

conducted in natural setting/real-world environment

researcher manipulates independent variable(s) to observe effect (dependent variables)

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18
Q

Features of Quasi experiments (2)

A

participants are grouped in pre-existing characteristics (age, gender) which act as IVs

IV not controlled by researcher

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19
Q

Features of Natural experiments

A

involves pre-existing IVs manipulated naturally

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20
Q

Pros of a lab experiment (2)

A

can establish cause and effect

high control

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21
Q

Negatives of a lab experiment

A

artificial setting - not reliable in real world

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22
Q

Pros of field experiment

A

natural setting - reliable in real world

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23
Q

Negatives of field experiment (2)

A

less control

possible ethical issues

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24
Q

Pros of natural experiment (2)

A

reliable in real world

ethically feasible

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25
Cons of natural experiment (2)
no control over variables difficult to replicate since unique
26
Pros of quasi-experiment (2)
practical ethical
27
Cons of quasi-experiment (2)
confounding variables less certain for cause
28
Features of Independent measures experiment design (2)
different participant used in different conditions of experiment participants picked at random
29
Pros of independent measures experiment design (2)
avoids order effects participants less likely to guess aim of experiment
30
Cons of independent measures design (2)
more participants required one condition may not have equal quality participants to others
31
Features of Repeated measures experiment design
same participants take place in both conditions of experiment
32
Pros of repeated measures experiment design
fewer participants required
33
Cons of repeated measures experiment design
order effect - order of condition may affect participants behaviour + change results
34
Features of matched pairs experiment design (2)
pairs of participants matched in key variables (e.g age) each member of pair separated into different conditions
35
Pros of matched pairs experiment design (2)
reduces participant variables avoids order effects
36
Cons of matched pairs experiment design (2)
time-consuming to match pairs impossible to match people exactly
37
Features of random sampling
every member of target population has equal chance of selection
38
Pros of random sampling (2)
minimizes bias - completely random + researcher has no control most likely to produce representative sample of target pop.
39
Cons of random sampling (2)
time consuming + difficult to make list of target population chance of obtaining unrepresentative sample
40
Features of opportunity sampling
selecting participants readily available to researcher
41
Pros of opportunity sampling
convenient + cost-effective - less time + effort
42
Cons of opportunity sampling (2)
likely to only represent small group rather than target pop. researcher bias - researcher has control over selection
43
Features of stratified sampling
reflects proportion of different groups within target population
44
Pros of stratified sampling (2)
more representation reduces researcher bias
45
Cons of stratified sampling
may not fully be representative
46
Features of volunteer sampling
participants choose themselves to be part of the study
47
Pros of volunteer sampling (2)
easy to conduct diverse participants
48
Cons of volunteer sampling
may not be fully representative - participants may all share a characteristic
49
Features of systematic sampling
selecting participants from a larger population at regular intervals
50
Pros of systematic sampling (3)
easy + simple reduces bias even distribution
51
Cons of systematic sampling (2)
less random than random sampling requires complete list of population
52
Pros of snowball sampling (3)
useful for hard to reach groups (e.g specific social groups) efficient good for qualitative research for in-depth sample
52
Features of snowball sampling
uses existing participants to recruit more participants among their acquaintances
53
Cons of snowball sampling (4)
may have bias - participants may recruit people with similar characteristics to them lack of representation dependent on network of participants privacy concerns
54
Define demand characteristics
clues in an experiment that convey to the participants the purpose of the research
55
Define briefing
context/aim of experiment provided to participants after which participants will give consent
56
Examples of extraneous variables (6)
order effects demand characteristics investigator effects participant variability researcher bias environment
57
Define participant variability
when characteristics of a sample affect the dependent variable
58
Examples of demand characteristics (3)
Expectancy effect Screw you effect social desirability effect
59
Define expectancy effect
participant attempts to give "right answer" to help prove researcher's hypothesis
60
Define screw you effect
participant attempts to discern the hypotheses to destroy the credibility of the study
61
Define social desirability effect
participant answers to make themself look good to researcher
62
Define single blind (2)
participant does not know which condition of experiment they are in reduces demand characteristics
63
Define double blind (2)
participant + researcher do not know which condition the participant is in reduces demand characteristics + researcher bias
64
Define standardisation as a control variable
standardised procedure to prevent different instructions being read out
65
Define counterbalancing as a control variable (2)
used in repeated measures design alternating the order which participants do experiments
66
Define reliability
consistent results
67
What does internal validity measure
how consistent the results are within themselves
68
What does external validity measure
how consistent the results are over time
69
Define validity
how accurately results satisfy the aim of experiment
70
What is meant by internal validity (2)
researchers have measured what they initially wanted to measure have not been confounded by other variables e.g demand characteristics
71
What is meant by external validity
extent which study can be generalised/applied to other situations
72
Types of internal validity
construct validity
73
Define construct validity
how accurately a test measures an underlying principle
74
Types of external validity (2)
ecological validity population validity
75
Parts of ethics in psychology (6)
consent deception confidentiality debriefing withdrawal protection
76
Consent in ethics (2)
participants agreement should be based on full knowledge of experiment can potentially influence validity of experiment by giving information
77
Deception in ethics
lying/withholding information to participants should be avoided when possible
78
Withdrawal in ethics
participant can leave and take data with them
79
Protection in ethics (2)
participants should not suffer due to experiment researchers may not always be able to predict what happens but should intervene
80
Privacy in ethics
participants have rights to not be under scrutiny
81
Confidentiality in ethics
personal details of participants should be concealed

IB Psychology (8 decks)

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