Society Flashcards
1
Q
What were the Junker’s initial role in society?
A
Wealthy and hereditary aristocrat that led GV and the army
2
Q
Why were the Junker in a strong position in 1871?
A
They were over represented in the Reichstag and dominated the Chancellorship
3
Q
What was the Junkers position in 1871?
A
Controlled the economy and politics due to the Kaiser being the Junker leader
Privileged status in the army
Social leaders due to be being respected by peasantry
4
Q
How did unification positively effect the Junker?
A
Gave Prussia and thus the Junker control of the Bundesrat with the veto
Berlin had a demographic change as well as other industrial centres like Kiel
Men over 25 got the vote so Junker were able to control peasantry and get votes
5
Q
How did Reunification negatively affect the Junker?
A
Lacked control over lands not in Prussia
Growth in cities meant that they lost some power in the Reichstag
6
Q
How did industrialisation effect the Junker?
A
Made them less powerful and gave large areas of land less value
7
Q
How did the Junker use Bismarck’s position?
A
They forced him to put on tarrifs in 1879 to help slow industrialisation
He formed the Agrarian League in 1893
8
Q
What political changes led to a fall in Junker power?
A
Universal suffrage
Forced to join middle classes and industrial elite to stay powerful in politics
9
Q
What was the outcome that led to riots over Prussian elections?
A
SPD got 7 seats with 23% of the vote and Junker Conservatives got 212 seats with 16% of the vote
10
Q
What was the SPD outcome in the 1912 election?
A
They won 110 seats and 4 million votes (1 in 3) making it the largest party
11
Q
What was the problem in the 1914 Reichstag?
A
Junker Chancellor Bethamn-Hollweg was at odds with the SPD dominated Reichstag
12
Q
What powers were the Junker able to keep after political fall-off?
A
Military powers and retained support of the anti-SPD middle class
13
Q
What was the final straw of the Junker?
A
Abdication of the Kaiser in 1918
14
Q
How did the SPD and Junker come to terms?
A
Ebert needed an army so he made the Ebert-Groener Pact
15
Q
What was the decline of peasantry like from 1871 to 1989?
A
1871 - 49%
1989 - 2%
16
Q
What was the decline in agriculture from 1900 to 1989?
A
1900 - 30% of GDP
1989 - 2% of GDP
17
Q
What was the problem for peasantry in WW1?
A
Fertiliser and fuel were used in the war leading to food shortages
18
Q
Why did farming become harder for Germans in the 1920s?
A
The Danish and Dutch increased competition
19
Q
What was the Nazi opinion on farming?
A
Tried to protected it
20
Q
What was the consequences of WW2 on farming?
A
Better technology but this meant less jobs and many workers moved into the cities
21
Q
What are the three areas of analysis for women?
A
Political Life, Domestic and Cultural Role, Role in Workplace
22
Q
What was the political role of women in 1871?
A
They didn’t have the vote or be able to sit in the Reichstag due to being seen as too emotional
23
Q
What was the cultural role of women in 1871?
A
Focused on the home and supporting the man as well as bringing up children
24
Q
What was women’s role in the workplace in 1871?
A
Not in professional services, in secretarial work, money managed by the man of the household
25
What did Bismarck introduce for women?
6 week maternity leave and 11 hour working day
26
What was the Society of the Protection of Women's Workers Rights?
A radical feminist group created by Emma Ihrer in 1885
It reached 1000 members in 1886 but was banned shortly after
27
Why was Ihrer special?
She was the first and only woman elected to the General Commission of German Trade Unions in 1890
28
What political group helped with Women's rights?
SPD and other left wing groups
29
When was the first international women's day?
19th March 1911
30
Who created the first International Womens Day?
Clara Zetkin
31
What group campaigned for women's rights in 1894?
The Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine
32
How did war effect women in the workplace?
It allowed them into factory work and they took up male work placements
33
How did women get the vote?
The Weimar Constitution
34
What percentage of Reichstag representatives were women after the Weimar changes?
9.6%
35
What percentage of state legislation were to do with women?
6.1%
36
What job roles were women given equal opportunity it?
Teaching and civil service
37
How many members did the BDF have in 1914 and 1920s?
1914 - 360,000
1920s - 900,000
38
Did ideas really change that much around women after war?
No, they were still expected to stop work and look after the children and worked in lower paid jobs
39
What idea around women was created by the Weimar Constitution?
New Weimar Woman
40
What was the main Nazi policy towards women?
Kinder, Kirsche, Kuche
41
What did Nazi government ban to do with women’s rights?
Feminist and female working groups, they couldn’t work as teaching assistants or in medicine and GV
42
Between 1933 - 1935 how much did the number of women secondary teachers decline by?
15%
43
What was the limit for women enrolment in German universities?
10%
44
How did Nazis encourage women not to work?
They have interest free loans to young couples where the woman didn’t work
45
How were women’s freedoms limited?
School syllabus was focused on domestic services
Wearing of make-up and smoking was discouraged
46
Why were women encouraged to have children?
Low birth rate after WW1
47
How were women encouraged to have large families?
The Mutterkreuz gave a medal for how many children you had gold (8), silver (6) and bronze (4)
48
What did the DFW encourage?
Breeding the master race
49
What was the Lebenstrom programme?
Created in 1935 and encouraged women to get pregnant with SA officers to create racially pure soldiers
50
How were racially unfit women dealt with under Nazi rule?
Were discouraged from starting families
51
How did the war affect Nazi policy on women?
It prevented Nazi strategy as they needed them in the workforce
52
By 1939 what percentage of the workforce as a whole and in the clothing industry were women?
33% - whole
66% - clothing
53
Did women’s pay grow faster than men’s?
Yes
54
In 1943 what percentage of women were conscripted into the workforce?
3 million aged 17-45 but only 900,000 took up their jobs
55
By the end of WW2 what percentage of the workforce were women?
60%
56
Who were the Tammerfrau?
Women who cleaned up the rubble left by the war
57
What did the Basic Law of 1949 establish for women?
Legal equality
58
When did women gain equal legal status?
1957
59
What was Kindergeld?
A benefit scheme giving money to families with working men and stay at home wives and they had over 3 children
60
What and when was the pension scheme?
1957 - biased towards men as it was based on life earnings
61
What was women membership of political parties after WW2?
4.4%
62
Why were Weimar women groups disappearing?
Aging population
63
By 1980 what percentage of women were in the workforce?
39%
64
What meant women were not in the workforce as much?
Labour shortages were filled with guest workers
65
What positions did men dominate in the 1980s?
80% of school principals and 95% of professions
66
What positions did women dominate in the 1980s?
93% of part time workers and average pay was 50% lower than mens
67
How did women get more opportunities in education?
37.9% of students by 1980
41% of students by 1989
68
When did feminist movements grow and what did they argue after WW2?
1970s - equality in marriage, women could work without husbands permission
69
When and who was the first female President of the Bundestag?
1988 - Rita Sussmuth
70
What criteria can be used to analyse the role of women?
How far was male power rolled back?
How far was change embedded?
How far do people agree with changes?
71
By 1914 what percentage of the German population lived in urban cities?
66%
72
What percentage did Bremen (an industrial city) grow by between 1870 and 1910?
150%
73
What percentage did Hamburg (an industrial city) grow by between 1870 and 1910?
200%
74
When was the SPD created?
1875
75
Between 1875 and 1890 what happened to SPD votes?
It doubles its votes and surpassed 1.5 million votes
76
When did the SPD become the largest party in the Reichstag?
1912
77
Between 1875 and 1890 what happened to the number of SPD deputies?
They increased from 12 to 35
78
What happened to trade union membership between 1877 and 1891?
It increased from 50,000 in 1877 to 278,000 in 1891
79
What did the initial rise in the SPD cause?
The end of Bismarck and the challenging of the Conservative land-owning elite
80
What socialist policies did Bismarck introduce in 1883, 1884, 1886 and 1889 respectivelly?
1883 - Medical treatment for 3 million workers
1884 - Accident insurance
1886 - Accident and sickness insurance
1889 - Worker's pension given at 70
81
What was Germany the first to introduce in Europe in terms of socialism?
A welfare programme
82
What did Bismarck fail to introduce for workers?
Refused to address living conditions
Restrict child labour
Allow Sunday as a day of rest
83
Were urban workers fond of the Kaiser initially?
They supported him and the war effort as well as his few socialist policies such as war credits
84
When and what was the Auxiliary Service Act?
August 1916 - It limited the freedom of workers
85
What caused unrest amongst workers throughout 1916/17?
The British Blockade and the cold winter led to significant food shortages
86
How many workers went on strike against the Kaiser and war in Jan 1918?
400,000
87
What percentage did the working population grow by between 1910 and 1940?
36% showing growth started to slow
88
What was the growth in population in Berlin (an industrial city) grow by between 1919 and 1925?
Less than 2 million in 1919 to 4 million in 1925
89
When did German workers gain equal rights and an 8 hour working day?
1930s
90
What happened to urban workers pay in 1927 and 1928?
9% growth in 1927 to 12% in 1928
91
How many new houses for workers were built between 1927 to 1928?
2 million
92
How did the Wall Street Crash (1929) hit German workers?
Unemployment was at 32% by 1932
93
Did the urban workers initially support the Nazi Party?
No, they were more supportive of Communist parties
94
How did Nazi policy effect workers?
They reduced their rights so that they worked harder such as banning Trade Unions and the right to strike
95
What did the DAP achieve for German workers?
It did not improve rights just gave them rewards
96
What happened to the size of the working class under the Nazis?
It surprisingly grew by 10%
97
What happened to the number of people in cities after 1945?
It grew by 50% and reached 61.7 million
98
What happened to the percentage of working class workers in rural communities in 1950 and 1970?
It fell from 23.1% in 1950 to 8.3% in 1970
99
What happened to the type of worker in Germany after 1945?
There was an increase in skilling and movement away from heavy industry to high quality manufacturing
100
What happened to SPD support after 1945?
It grew but the CDU was still the more dominant party
101
Who were guest workers?
Groups of migrants from Turkey and Greece used to fill labour shortages
102
How many guest workers were there in 1966 and 1973?
1.2 million in 1966 and 2.5 million by 1973
103
What is an artisan?
A skilled craftsmen who both sells and gets their materials locally and produces a high quality product
104
What happened to the number of artisan businesses between 1882 and 1895?
They declined by 13.5%
105
How did unification benefit artisans?
They gained access to new materials and better tools
106
What group were the artisans extremely supportive of?
The Nazis
107
What percentage of the population did the artisans make up in the 1930s?
27%
108
What percentage of the Nazi support did Nazis make up?
33%
109
What did the Nazi manifesto promise to do for artisans?
Support small traders and shut down large wholesale businesses
110
What did artisans achieve for the Nazis?
They helped make their uniforms
111
How did the Nazis help artisans once they came to power?
They crushed trade unions and restricted department stores
112
What was the Master's Examination?
In 1935 the Nazis introduced it meaning artisans needed to pass to gain "artisanship"
113
Was the Master's Examination popular?
Yes as it helped to protest artisans
114
What happened to the number of artisan businesses between 1931 and 1936?
It grew by 20%
115
What happened to the number of artisan businesses between 1936 and 1939?
They declined by 11%
116
What happened to large department stores and factories in 1934?
Nazis were preparing for war and therefore factories grew and large department stores offered more employment
117
What happened to the employment in large department stores from 1936 to 1939?
It grew by 10%
118
Why did the Nazis begin to close down artisan shops in the 1940s?
They weren't seen as economically viable
119
After 1945 what did the Americas achieve for the Nazis?
They merged the industrial workers with artisans to create a new class where high quality and luxury goods could eb produced
120
What happened to artisans in West Germany?
They were given special status and were given the task of overseeing and training the new skilled workers
121
What happened to the number of artisans between 1939 and 1955?
They grew from 2.5 million to 3 .5 million
122
What were co-operatives?
Groups of artisans where they only had to buy one tool making cost lower
123
What is a white collar worker?
A middle-class member who works in services and do intellectual jobs
124
What policies would white collar workers be supportive of?
Globalisation and freedom of labour however some may see themselves as working class and thus lead the SPD
125
What was the position of white collar workers before 1911?
They were tied with industrial workers
126
What happened to the number of people in the Prussian civil service?
40,000 in 1850 to 250,000 in 1907
127
What happened to the number of school teachers between 1891 and 1915?
43%
128
What happened to the number of doctors between 1876 and 1913?
They doubled
129
How did the decline of artisans effect white collar workers?
They encouraged their children to become white collar workers
130
Why was the number of white collar workers not growing much in the 1910s?
Education was very expensive and there was a lack of state infrastructure
131
Did the middle classes support WW1?
At the start however as living standards fell so did their support of the war
132
How was the middle class desire for peace shown?
Matthias Erzberger who called for peace was a middle class member of the Zentrum
133
What happened to the number of white collar workers between 1907 and 1925?
They doubled
134
What was the number of unemployed people in 1928?
183,000
135
Was the Weimar period beneficial for white collar workers?
Yes due to the growth of the industrial factories that they owned
136
What was a negative effect on white collar workers during the Weimar period?
Hyper inflation
137
In 1933 what percentage of graduates were unemployed?
60%
138
Were white collar workers fond of the Nazi party?
They liked the idea of women and Jews kicked out the workplace
139
What percentage of Nazi membership did the white collar workers make up in 1929 and 1932?
20%
140
What happened to the number of white collar workers under the Nazi period?
They grew by 25%
141
How were the white collar workers effected by the post-war period?
It led to rapid growth along side the industrial sector and service industries
142
What was the percentage of the German workforce were white collar workers in 1890, 1940 and 1980?
1890 - 10%
1940 - 20%
1980 - 35%
143
What is the Nivelliente Mittelstandsgesellschaft?
The Junker upper class were fading out and the industrial workers became more skilled so everyone becomes middle class
144
What happened to real wages of white collar workers from 1950 to 1964?
They doubled
145
When and what was Burden Law?
1952 - War profits to those who lost out
146
What happened to living standards between 1953 and 1960?
They improved by 58%
147
What fraction of people worked in service industries in 1989?
2/3
