Depth Study 1 - 1870s Flashcards
1
Q
What was Bismarck’s family like?
A
An aristocratic family from north-west of Berlin
2
Q
What are 3 characteristics of Bismarck?
A
Outgoing
Great speaker
Spoke 7 languages
3
Q
Why did Bismarck leave the military?
A
He found it boring
4
Q
When did Bismarck join the Prussian state assembly?
A
When he was 32
5
Q
What were Bismarck’s views?
A
He was an ultra-monarchist
6
Q
When was the national-liberal revolution?
A
1838
7
Q
When did Bismarck become Prussian representative for the diet at Frankfurt?
A
1851
8
Q
How long did Bismarck serve in the diet at Frankfurt?
A
8 years
9
Q
When did Bismarck become Prussian ambassador at Russia?
A
1859
10
Q
When did Bismarck become Prussian ambassador at France?
A
1862
11
Q
Why was Bismarck widely disliked in Prussia?
A
He was seen as a raving royalist authoritarian
12
Q
Who recommended Bismarck to be Minister President?
A
War Minister Albrecht von Roon
13
Q
What did Bismarck say you needed to build a better Germany?
A
Iron and blood
14
Q
What happened to Kiel in 1848?
A
A revolutionary group seized it and claimed it was independent
15
Q
How did Bismarck combat the issue in Kiel?
A
He sent in an Austro-Prussian army in 1863
16
Q
How did Bismarck resolve the issue in Kiel?
A
Under the Treaty of Vienna October 1864 the duchies were handed back to Germany by 1865
17
Q
When was the protest in Holstein?
A
June 1866
18
Q
How did Bismarck deal with the protest in Holstein?
A
He marched Prussian troops in
19
Q
How long did it take Prussia to defeat Austria?
A
7 weeks
20
Q
What position was Helmut von Moltke appointed to in the army?
A
Chief of the Prussian General Staff
21
Q
What did Helmut von Moltke achieve in the army?
A
Taught them how to fight the form of Blitzkreig
22
Q
Who stopped King William from annexing Austrian lands?
A
Bismarck
23
Q
What Catholic states did the Prussian army attack?
A
Hanover and Bavaria
24
Q
Why can Bismarck not attack France?
A
He would be seen as the aggressor and would be attacked
25
Where did Bismarck annex and why?
Hanker and Hesse Kassel because they opposed him in recent war
26
What did Bismarck create from Protestant states ?
North German Federation
27
What happened when the Spanish throne fell vacant in 1868?
It was offered to the Prussian King
28
What did France say on the matter of the vacant throne?
They rushed over to Prussia and made many demands
29
How did Bismarck create a war between France and Prussia?
After the French demands Bismarck fabricated a very rude response from the Kaiser from which the French public demanded war against Prussia
30
When did France declare war on Prussia?
19 July 1870
31
Why were the Prussian soldiers hostile towards the French?
Revenge for the Napoleonic Wars
32
How long did it take Prussia to defeat France?
7 weeks
33
How many French troops were killed or wounded?
38,000 men
34
How many French troops surrendered at Sedan?
83,000
35
What was the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian war?
France gave up Alsace-Lorraine
36
When was the Prussian King declared emperor of a united Germany?
18 January 1871
37
Why was King William sceptical of a united Germany?
It would destroy Prussian identity
38
Why was Bismarck struggling to achieve unity?
Religious and cultural differences
39
Why was creating a united Germany hard?
Needed Prussian dominance whilst maintaining cultural differences
40
What were Bismarck's three objectives?
To embed unification
Establish Prussian dominance
Acknowledge state differences
41
What did the Kaiser have the right to do? (4 things)
Summon and dismiss Parliament
Appoint and dismiss Chancellor
Supervise law creation
Retain control of armed forces
42
Who appointed the Chancellor?
The Kaiser
43
What are 3 strengths of the Chancellor?
Independent of the Reichstag
Appointed and dismissed state secretaries
Support of Kaiser gave strong support
44
What were 2 weaknesses of the Chancellor?
Completely dependent on Kaiser
Needed to be able to work with Reichstag
45
What was the Reichstag?
Lower House of National Parliament, elected by universal male suffrage
46
What was the Bundesrat?
Upper House of National Parliament, representatives of State GV
47
Who could vote for the Reichstag?
Men over 25
48
How many constituencies was Germany divided into?
382
49
What fraction of Germans lived in rural territories in 1871?
2/3
50
Why may Bismarck not have a large basis of support after industrialisation?
Lots of the peasants were becoming workers
51
How many constituencies were added in 1873?
15 for Alsace-Lorraine
52
What was the problem with German constituencies between 1871-1918?
There was no boundary reviews done even with significant migration
53
What were the changes in population in Schaumburg-Luppe between 1871 to 1918?
100,000 to 10,000
54
What were the changes in population in Teltow between 1871 to 1918?
It grew by 338,900
55
How many representatives did Prussia have in the Reichstag?
235/382
56
How many representatives did Bavaria have in the Reichstag?
48/382
57
How many representatives did Prussia have in the Bundesrat?
17/58
58
How many representatives did Bavaria have in the Bundesrat?
6/58
59
What is the number of seats needed to veto in the Bundesrat and what did it mean for Prussia?
14/58 so Prussia maintained control
60
How was citizenship changed in 1913?
Citizenship in one state was equal value in all states
61
When was the Uniform Nationality Law made?
22 July 1913
62
What was the cost to run the army in 1870s compared to 1913?
100 million marks to 2,405 million marks
63
Who did the SPD represent?
The rising class of industrial workers
64
Who were the Junkers?
The rural conservative peasantry
65
Who did the National-Liberals represent?
The middle-class factory owners and small business owners but were set up to support Bismarck
66
Who did the Zentrum Party represent?
Catholics and the conservatives
67
Why did the Zentrum have a tension with Bismarck in the beginning?
They supported the Pope not the Kaiser
68
What was the turnout in the 1871 federal elections?
52% as it was widely unknown
69
What percentage of votes and number of seats did the National Liberals get?
30.1% and 125 seats
70
What percentage of votes and number of seats did the Centre Party get?
18.6% and 63 seats
71
What percentage of the vote and number of seats did the Zentrum Party get?
14.1% and 57 seats
72
What percentage of votes and number of seats did the SDs get?
3.2% and 2 seats
73
Why were the national liberals such a good partner for Bismarck?
They passed a lot of uniting reform
74
What are some examples of reform passed by the national liberals?
Freedom of movement within Europe
Created single Reich currency
Abolition of tariffs
Standardisation of legal codes
Creation of Reichsbank
75
Who was the leader of national liberals and an example of his achievement?
Rudolf von Bennigsen who introduced a single penal and law code as well as a single court system
76
What are the two methods of creating unity?
Positive integration - build a community around shared values
Negative integration - creating a common enemy to target
77
Who did Bismarck unite the people against?
Catholics and socialists
78
What happened to the Papal States between 1829-1870?
They were slowly lost and became the kingdom of Italy
79
What did the Catholics use to say that the Pope can never be wrong?
Declaration of Papal Infallibility
80
Why could Bismarck not annex the Catholic parts of Germany?
It would cause divide in Prussia
81
What was the Kulturkampf?
The struggle between the cultures of Protestant nationalists and Catholics internationalists.
82
When did Bismarck abolish the Roman Catholic Bureau?
July 1871
83
When did Bismarck forbid priests from spreading political views?
November 1871
84
When did all religious schools become subject to state inspections?
March 1871
85
What did the retraction of the Bread-Basket Law do?
Removed the financial support of priests
86
Did the Kulturkampf weaken the Zentrum?
No, they went from 18.6% (1871) to 27.6% (1874)
87
How many parishes were left without priests?
1/3
88
How did the relationship between Catholicism and Germany repair itself?
In 1878 Pope Leo XIII was hired and asked for Germany to be civil
89
What is an example of Bismarck getting tired of the national liberals?
In 1879 Bismarck did not pass many of their laws except civil marriage and state schools
90
Why were the conditions in Germany beneficial for a rise of socialism?
Industrialisation led to a growth of the working class
91
Do Bismarck and socialists get on well?
No, Bismarck wanted rich people to stay rich whereas socialism was about redistribution
92
What were the two socialist groups formed in Germany?
ADAV and SDAP
93
When did the ADAV and SDAP merge into the SPD?
1875
94
How many deputies and votes did the SPD get in 1877?
13 deputies and 500,000 votes
95
How many people were a part of a trade union in 1877?
50,000
96
When did an Anarchist attempt to assassinate Kaiser Wilhelm I?
May 1878
97
What was the impact of the assassination attempt against the Kaiser?
Bismarck dissolved the Reichstag and the SPD lost lots of seats
98
What did Bismarck pass against socialists?
Banned socialist and communist meetings and allowed police to expel socialists
99
What was the impact of Bismarck's regulation on Socialists?
45/47 socialist newspapers closed down
67 leading socialists were expelled from Berlin in 1879
600 SPD members were arrested
100
When and where were the secret socialist conferences?
1880 - Switzerland
1883 - Denmark
1887 - Switzerland
101
When did Bismarck introduced workers compensation during illness?
1883
102
When did Bismarck introduce Accident Insurance?
1884
103
When was the Old Age Pension introduced for workers aged over 70?
1889
104
When was the League of the Three Emperors formed?
1873 - including Russia, Austria, Germany
105
What was similar between all three countries in the League of the Three Emperors?
They had lots of national minorities in them
106
Why did Bismarck believe that France was going to attack?
They were expanding their army between 1874-1875 from 3 to 4 regiments and had 800,000 calvary
107
When was the "war in sight" crisis?
9 April 1875
108
Who pledged allegiance with France if there was a war?
Tsar Nicholas II and Queen Victoria
109
When did Kaiser Wilhelm II come to power?
1888
110
When was Bismarck dismissed?
1890
111
Why did Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm II not get on?
Kaiser Wilhelm II chose to stay with Austria and began chasing foreign land rather than focusing on internal unity
112
Why was Germany in a precarious position?
Their growing power scared neighbours
