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History Germany > Depth Study 1 - 1870s > Flashcards

Depth Study 1 - 1870s Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Bismarck’s family like?

A

An aristocratic family from north-west of Berlin

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2
Q

What are 3 characteristics of Bismarck?

A

Outgoing
Great speaker
Spoke 7 languages

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3
Q

Why did Bismarck leave the military?

A

He found it boring

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4
Q

When did Bismarck join the Prussian state assembly?

A

When he was 32

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5
Q

What were Bismarck’s views?

A

He was an ultra-monarchist

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6
Q

When was the national-liberal revolution?

A

1838

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7
Q

When did Bismarck become Prussian representative for the diet at Frankfurt?

A

1851

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8
Q

How long did Bismarck serve in the diet at Frankfurt?

A

8 years

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9
Q

When did Bismarck become Prussian ambassador at Russia?

A

1859

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10
Q

When did Bismarck become Prussian ambassador at France?

A

1862

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11
Q

Why was Bismarck widely disliked in Prussia?

A

He was seen as a raving royalist authoritarian

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12
Q

Who recommended Bismarck to be Minister President?

A

War Minister Albrecht von Roon

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13
Q

What did Bismarck say you needed to build a better Germany?

A

Iron and blood

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14
Q

What happened to Kiele in 1848?

A

A revolutionary group seized it and claimed it was independent

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15
Q

How did Bismarck combat the issue in Kiel?

A

He sent in an Austro-Prussian army in 1863

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16
Q

How did Bismarck resolve the issue in Kiel?

A

Under the Treaty of Vienna October 1864 the duchies were handed back to Germany by 1865

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17
Q

When was the protest in Holstein?

A

June 1866

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18
Q

How did Bismarck deal with the protest in Holstein?

A

He marched Prussian troops in

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19
Q

How long did it take Prussia to defeat Austria?

A

7 weeks

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20
Q

What position was Helmut von Moltke appointed to in the army?

A

Chief of the Prussian General Staff

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21
Q

What did Helmut von Moltke achieve in the army?

A

Taught them how to fight the form of Blitzkreig

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22
Q

Who stopped King William from annexing Austrian lands?

A

Bismarck

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23
Q

What Catholic states did the Prussian army attack?

A

Hanover and Bavaria

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24
Q

Why can Bismarck not attack France?

A

He would be seen as the aggressor and would be attacked

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25
Q

Where did Bismarck annex and why?

A

Hanker and Hesse Kassel because they opposed him in recent war

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26
Q

What did Bismarck create from Protestant states ?

A

North German Federation

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27
Q

What happened when the Spanish throne fell vacant in 1868?

A

It was offered to the Prussian King

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28
Q

What did France say on the matter of the vacant throne?

A

They rushed over to Prussia and made many demands

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29
Q

How did Bismarck create a war between France and Prussia?

A

After the French demands Bismarck fabricated a very rude response from the Kaiser from which the French public demanded war against Prussia

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30
Q

When did France declare war on Prussia?

A

19 July 1870

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31
Q

Why were the Prussian soldiers hostile towards the French?

A

Revenge for the Napoleonic Wars

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32
Q

How long did it take Prussia to defeat France?

A

7 weeks

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33
Q

How many French troops were killed or wounded?

A

38,000 men

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34
Q

How many French troops surrendered at Sedan?

A

83,000

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35
Q

What was the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian war?

A

France gave up Alsace-Lorraine

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36
Q

When was the Prussian King declared emperor of a united Germany?

A

18 January 1871

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37
Q

Why was King William sceptical of a united Germany?

A

It would destroy Prussian identity

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38
Q

Why was Bismarck struggling to achieve unity?

A

Religious and cultural differences

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39
Q

Why was creating a united Germany hard?

A

Needed Prussian dominance whilst maintaining cultural differences

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40
Q

What were Bismarck’s three objectives?

A

To embed unification
Establish Prussian dominance
Acknowledge state differences

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41
Q

What did the Kaiser have the right to do? (4 things)

A

Summon and dismiss Parliament
Appoint and dismiss Chancellor
Supervise law creation
Retain control of armed forces

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42
Q

Who appointed the Chancellor?

A

The Kaiser

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43
Q

What are 3 strengths of the Chancellor?

A

Independent of the Reichstag
Appointed and dismissed state secretaries
Support of Kaiser gave strong support

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44
Q

What were 2 weaknesses of the Chancellor?

A

Completely dependent on Kaiser
Needed to be able to work with Reichstag

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45
Q

What was the Reichstag?

A

Lower House of National Parliament, elected by universal male suffrage

46
Q

What was the Bundesrat?

A

Upper House of National Parliament, representatives of State GV

47
Q

Who could vote for the Reichstag?

A

Men over 25

48
Q

How many constituencies was Germany divided into?

A

382

49
Q

What fraction of Germans lived in rural territories in 1871?

A

2/3

50
Q

Why may Bismarck not have a large basis of support after industrialisation?

A

Lots of the peasants were becoming workers

51
Q

How many constituencies were added in 1873?

A

15 for Alsace-Lorraine

52
Q

What was the problem with German constituencies between 1871-1918?

A

There was no boundary reviews done even with significant migration

53
Q

What were the changes in population in Schaumburg-Luppe between 1871 to 1918?

A

100,000 to 10,000

54
Q

What were the changes in population in Teltow between 1871 to 1918?

A

338,900

55
Q

How many representatives did Prussia have in the Reichstag?

A

235/382

56
Q

How many representatives did Bavaria have in the Reichstag?

A

48/382

57
Q

How many representatives did Bavaria have in the Bundesrat?

A

17/58

58
Q

How many representatives did Bavaria have in the Bundesrat?

A

6/58

59
Q

What is the number of seats needed to veto in the Bundesrat and what did it mean for Prussia?

A

14/58 so Prussia maintained control

60
Q

How was citizenship changed in 1913?

A

Citizenship in one state was equal value in all states

61
Q

When was the Uniform Nationality Law made?

A

22 July 1913

62
Q

What was the cost to run the army in 1870s compared to 1913?

A

100 million marks to 2,405 million marks

63
Q

Who did the SPD represent?

A

The rising class of industrial workers

64
Q

Who were the Junkers?

A

The rural conservative peasantry

65
Q

Who did the National-Liberals represent?

A

The middle-class factory owners and small business owners but were set up to support Bismarck

66
Q

Who did the Zentrum Party represent?

A

Catholics and the conservatives

67
Q

Why did the Zentrum have a tension with Bismarck in the beginning?

A

They supported the Pope not the Kaiser

68
Q

What was the turnout in the 1871 federal elections?

A

52% as it was widely unknown

69
Q

What percentage of votes and number of seats did the National Liberals get?

A

30.1% and 125 seats

70
Q

What percentage of votes and number of seats did the Centre Party get?

A

18.6% and 63 seats

71
Q

What percentage of the vote and number of seats did the Zentrum Party get?

A

14.1% and 57 seats

72
Q

What percentage of votes and number of seats did the SDs get?

A

3.2% and 2 seats

73
Q

Why were the national liberals such a good partner for Bismarck?

A

They passed a lot of uniting reform

74
Q

What are some examples of reform passed by the national liberals?

A

Freedom of movement within Europe
Created single Reich currency
Abolition of tariffs
Standardisation of legal codes
Creation of Reichsbank

75
Q

Who was the leader of national liberals and an example of his achievement?

A

Rudolf von Bennigsen who introduced a single penal and law code as well as a single court system

76
Q

What are the two methods of creating unity?

A

Positive integration - build a community around shared values
Negative integration - creating a common enemy to target

77
Q

Who did Bismarck unite the people against?

A

Catholics and socialists

78
Q

What happened to the Papal States between 1829-1870?

A

They were slowly lost and became the kingdom of Italy

79
Q

What did the Catholics use to say that the Pope can never be wrong?

A

Declaration of Papal Infallibility

80
Q

Why could Bismarck not annex the Catholic parts of Germany?

A

It would cause divide in Prussia

81
Q

What was the Kulturkampf?

A

The struggle between the cultures of Protestant nationalists and Catholics internationalists.

82
Q

When did Bismarck abolish the Roman Catholic Bureau?

A

July 1871

83
Q

When did Bismarck forbid priests from spreading political views?

A

November 1871

84
Q

When did all religious schools become subject to state inspections?

A

March 1871

85
Q

What did the retraction of the Bread-Basket law do?

A

Removed the financial support of priests

86
Q

Did the Kulturkampf weaken the Zentrum?

A

No, they went from 18.6% (1871) to 27.6% (1874)

87
Q

How many parishes were left without priests?

A

1/3

88
Q

How did the relationship between Catholicism and Germany repair itself?

A

In 1878 Pope Leo XIII was hired and asked for Germany to be civil

89
Q

What is an example of Bismarck getting tired of the national liberals?

A

In 1879 Bismarck did not pass many of their laws except civil marriage and state schools

90
Q

Why were the conditions in Germany beneficial for a rise of socialism?

A

Industrialisation led to a growth of the working class

91
Q

Do Bismarck and socialists get on well?

A

No, Bismarck wanted rich people to stay rich whereas socialism was about redistribution

92
Q

What were the two socialist groups formed in Germany?

A

ADAV and SDAP

93
Q

When did the ADAV and SDAP merge into the SPD?

A

1875

94
Q

How many deputies and votes did the SPD get in 1877?

A

13 deputies and 500,000 votes

95
Q

How many people were a part of a trade union in 1877?

A

50,000

96
Q

When did an Anarchist attempt to assassinate Kaiser Wilhelm I?

A

May 1878

97
Q

What was the impact of the assassination attempt against the Kaiser?

A

Bismarck dissolved the Reichstag and the SPD lost lots of seats

98
Q

What did Bismarck pass against socialists?

A

Banned socialist and communist meetings and allowed police to expel socialists

99
Q

What was the impact of Bismarck’s regulation on Socialists?

A

45/47 socialist newspapers closed down
67 leading socialists were expelled from Berlin in 1879
600 SPD members were arrested

100
Q

When and where were the secret socialist conferences?

A

1880 - Switzerland
1883 - Denmark
1887 - Switzerland

101
Q

When did Bismarck introduced workers compensation during illness?

A

1883

102
Q

When did Bismarck introduce Accident Insurance?

A

1884

103
Q

When was the Old Age Pension introduced for workers aged over 70?

A

1889

104
Q

When was the League of the Three Emperors formed?

A

1873 - including Russia, Austria, Russia

105
Q

What was similar between all three countries in the League of the Three Emperors?

A

They had lots of national minorities in them

106
Q

Why did Bismarck believe that France was going to attack?

A

They were expanding their army between 1874-1875 from 3 to 4 regiments and had 800,000 calvary

107
Q

When was the “war in sight” crisis?

A

9 April 1875

108
Q

Who pledge allegiance with France if there was a war?

A

Tsar Nicholas II and Queen Victoria

109
Q

When did Kaiser Wilhelm II come to power?

A

1888

110
Q

When was Bismarck dismissed?

A

1890

111
Q

Why did Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm II not get on?

A

Kaiser Wilhelm II chose to stay with Austria and began chasing foreign land rather than focusing on internal unity

112
Q

Why was Germany in a precarious position?

A

Their growing power scared neighbours

History Germany (7 decks)

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