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MCAT > social thinking/structure/stratification > Flashcards

social thinking/structure/stratification Flashcards

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1
Q

secure attachment

A

requires a consistent caregiver and the child is able to go out and explore and know that he or she has a secure base to return to

the child shows preference for the caregiver and is sad when they leave and happy when they return

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2
Q

avoidant attachment

A

occurs when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed, crying child; the child shows no preference for the caregiver compared to strangers

the child has no response to the parent leaving or staying because they are used to not being able to rely on them

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3
Q

ambivalent attachment

A

this occurs when the caregiver has inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately and some times neglectfully

the child will be sad when they leave but ambivalent when they come back

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4
Q

disorganized attachment

A

occurs when a caregiver is erratic or abusive, the child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver leaving or staying

this is a sign of abuse

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5
Q

social support

A

this is the perception that one is cared for by a social network

  • emotion support
  • material support
  • informational support
  • esteem support
  • network support
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6
Q

altruism

A

helping someone at the cost of yourself

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7
Q

game theory

A

tries to explain decision making between people as if they are playing a game

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8
Q

implicit personality theory

A

this is the assumptions that people make about people, their traits and behaviors

can be based on:

  • primacy effect
  • recentcy effect
  • halo effect
  • self serving bias
  • just world hypothesis
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9
Q

attribution theory

A

this is looking at what people assume or infer to be the reason behind someone else’s behavior

-dispositional or situation

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10
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

humans are more likely to blame a behavior on the dispositional aspect rather than the situational

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11
Q

correspondent inference theory

A

this is how people make attributions about someone based on observing their intentional actions (especially the ones that are unexpected)

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12
Q

prejudice

A

the irrational attitudes toward a person or group (can be positive or negative)

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13
Q

ethnocentrism

A

making judgements on another culture based on the values and beliefs of your own culture

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14
Q

discrimination

A

this is behaviors enacted toward a group based on ones prejudiced attitudes

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15
Q

functionalism

A

every component of society has a role and without every piece it will not work

manifest functions: intended
latent functions: unintended

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16
Q

conflict theory

A

focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order

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17
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

this looks at and studies how people interact based on the shared understanding of words gestures and symbols

focuses on the subjective interpretation of things and their effects

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18
Q

social constructionism

A

this explores the ways people make decisions to agree upon a given social reality

social constructs are things that are things that are considered normal but are not necessarily created based on instinct or physiology

gender roles are social constructs

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19
Q

rational choice theory (exchange theory)

A

people make decisions based on maximising potential benefit and minimizing potential harm

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20
Q

beneficence

A

acting in the patients best interest

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21
Q

nonmaleficence

A

refers to avoiding treatmetns that have higher risk than benefit

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22
Q

respect for autonomy

A

the patient has the right to deny treatment and make decisions about their health care

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23
Q

justice

A

this refers to treating patients with similar issues in the same manner and distributing healthcare resources fairly

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24
Q

value

A

what someone deems important

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25
Q

belief

A

what someone considers to be true

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26
Q

ethnicity

A

a social construct

sorts people based on race, religion, and other factors

symbolic ethnicity: when someone recognises their ethnicity on only certain occasions

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27
Q

race

A

a social construct

based on phenotypic differences between groups of people

these can be real or perceived

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28
Q

ascribed status

A

involuntary and derives from clearly identifiable characteristics such as age, gender and skin color

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29
Q

achieved status

A

is acquired through individual efforts

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30
Q

prestige

A

this is how others perceive you

the respect and importance tied to specific occupations or associations

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31
Q

power

A

the capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments

it often depends on unequal distribution of valued resources

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32
Q

anomie

A

going against the social norms and is often seen through excessive individualism, society inequality, and isolation

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33
Q

social capital

A

this is what people put into society in return for economic or collective rewards

social networks are a powerful form of social capital

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34
Q

master status

A

a person can have many statuses, think about mom, she is a mom, also a principle, also a daughter, but then her master status is the one that most people would perceive her as (probably a principle or mother)

the queen on england is a mom and a female but her master status would be queen

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35
Q

ingratiation

A

a person tries to make a positive impressions on others through flattery

the person may also show conformity and act a way that they expect the peers to approve and agree with

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36
Q

managing appearances

A

managing your physical appearance to make a good impression

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37
Q

alter casting

A

this is imposing an identity on someone

“you are such a great friend to me” even if they are only an acquaintance

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38
Q

self disclosure

A

this is revealing personal info about oneself to come off as open and friendly

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39
Q

plutocracy

A

small upper class where majority of the power is ruled by a small group of people

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40
Q

bystander effect

A
  • more likely to assist in a small group

- less likely to help in a large group

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41
Q

deindividuation

A
  • this is when people join into things that they do not usually do
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42
Q

peer pressure

A
  • this depends on size of group and who is in the group

- is this your close friends? are these acquaintances

43
Q

social facilitation

A
  • how you perform based on the task difficulty and your self efficacy
  • simple tasks with high self efficacy means performs better in front of crowd
44
Q

what is the preconventional stages of moral reasoning

A
  • kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
  • stage 1 and stage 2 are all about me myself and I

stage 1: obedience
- this is to decisions made to avoid punishment

stage 2: self interest
- this is decisions made seeking reward

45
Q

what is the conventional stages of moral reasoning

A
  • kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
  • stage 3 and stage 4 are all about how other people view you and what they expect of you

stage 3: conformity
- follow social rules of one’s role

stage 4: law and order
- follows laws and rules

46
Q

what is the post conventional stages of moral reasoning

A
  • kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
  • stage 5 and stage 6 are all about how one SHOULD act or what SHOULD really be done

stage 5: social contract
- reasoning is focused on individual rights and situational ethics

stage 6: universal ethics
- universal ideals that others are obligated to follow

47
Q

someone says “you should not steal the food because you could go to jail if you are caught”

A

this is stage one of kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning

-the person is focusing on the punishment and that is what is leading to the decision

48
Q

someone says “you should steal the food because you will no longer be starving”

A

this is stage two of kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning

-the person does what is in their best interest rather than thinking of others, they are looking for a reward

49
Q

someone says “you should steal the food because it will make your kids and wife happy to no longer be starving and they will be sad if you do not come home with food”

A

this is stage 3 of kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning

  • the person is focusing on what other people think and see’s making people happy as a good thing and making people sad as a bad thing
  • the person is trying to live up to the expectations as their role of a provider
50
Q

someone says “you should not steal the food because stealing is wrong and illegal”

A

this is stage 4 of kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning

  • the person is focusing on what is right and wrong based on social order and what the rules and laws are
  • breaking the law would disrupt social order and that is not okay
51
Q

someone says “stealing is wrong but making sure your family does not starve to death is more important so you should steal the food”

A

this is stage 5 of kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning

  • the person is showing that values and rules are relative and can be altered depending on the circumstances
  • some things should be done regardless of the laws
52
Q

some one says “stealing the food to stop your family from starving is a moral action and the fact that the food is too expensive and the laws allow the seller to be greedy should be disobeyed”

A

this is stage 6 of kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning

-the person is showing choices and morals are a matter of conscious and are based on ethical ideals chosen by the individual and if there is a law that contradicts them or goes against them, the person will act consistently with their moral principles instead.

53
Q

dramaturgical approach

A

This uses a theatrical analogy to to describe how individuals create images of themselves in various situations

Backstage self vs. Front stage self

54
Q

Backstage self:

A

This is what the person actually feels; this is the persona adopted when not in a social situation and there is no concern to uphold a performance of a desired public image

55
Q

Front stage self:

A

the persona they present to the world around them

56
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

this is when someone has internal discomfort because their actions to not align with their beliefs

for example, someone eats a donut even though they are on a diet so then they spend an extra 30 minutes at the gym

57
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

describes changes in research participants as a result of their awareness that they are being observed

58
Q

Thomas theorem

A

states that if an individual believes something to be real, then it is real in its consequences.

59
Q

socioeconomic status/ gradient of health

A

this is based on occupation, income or education

60
Q

five factor model

A

based on five personality factors, often referred to by the acronym OCEAN

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism.

It enables the analysis of human personality based on observations carried out from clinical practice

61
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

emphasizes unconscious psychological processes (for example, wishes and fears of which we’re not fully aware), and contends that childhood experiences are crucial in shaping adult personality.

proposed by sigmund freud

62
Q

Myers–Briggs Type Indicator

A

introspective self-report questionnaire indicating differing psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions.

The test attempts to assign four categories: introversion or extraversion, sensing or intuition, thinking or feeling, judging or perceiving.

63
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

an interdisciplinary model that looks at the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socio-environmental factors.

The model specifically examines how these aspects play a role in topics ranging from health and disease models to human development

64
Q

social reproduction

A

this is the process of transferring your social status onto your kid, if you are super poor and can barely provide, the kid will also likely end up living a life that is poor

65
Q

obedience vs compliance

A

obedience is going along with something because an authority figure told you do to something

compliance is going along with someone/something that someone of equal social level tells you

66
Q

compliance vs conformity

A

compliance is going along with something someone tells you do to (taking a shot because someone says here take this with me)

conformity is going along with unspoken social rules to fit in with a group (college students choosing to drink so that they do not get outcasted in the dorms)

67
Q

socialization

A

this is the processes through which individuals acquire the values, behaviors, and motivations necessary to become competent members of a culture

this can be through family, friends, pop culture(tv, music), school, religion

there is primary, secondary, anticipatory and resocialization(remember this is a very specific one, like coming back to society after jail or military)

68
Q

cultural transmission

A

this is the process through which cultural elements, in the form of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavioral scripts, are passed onto and taught to individuals and groups

kids often grow up with similar political beliefs as their parents, kids also may have certain music likes based on parents, kids like only white christmas lights or thinking its tacky to have tattoos

69
Q

Intersectionality

A

an analytical framework for understanding how aspects of a person’s social and political identities combine to create different modes of discrimination and privilege.

Examples of these aspects include gender, caste, sex, race, class, sexuality, religion, disability, physical appearance, and height.

70
Q

Exchange rational choice theory

A

Rational choice theory: people are motivated to do things based on what is best for them.

Exchange theory: this is an application of the rational choice theory onto societal interactions between individuals.

Rational choice theory and Exchange theory are both theories interlinked and based on economics. Sociologists used economics to underpin both theories, people are motivated by what is best for them, and their actions are shaped by their desire to have more of something good.

71
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

a microsociological theory that focuses on individual interactions. Specifically, it theorizes that society is built on individual interactions, which create shared symbols and meanings.

Symbolic interactionism focuses on individual interactions, . Say a patient comes to the doctor after hurting his knee. the patient sees the knee as hurt

On the other hand, the doctor looks at the same hurt knee, and assigns a different meaning: the X-ray shows that the knee is broken. The doctor then uses symbols (language) to share his interpretation of the x-ray with the patient

72
Q

looking glass self

A

society is able to change our views of ourselves and effect our self identity

when an individual bases their sense of self on how others view them

73
Q

role conflict vs. role strain

A

role conflict is when two of your roles are conflicting, your child is sick so you want to take care of them but you need to leave for your shift at work

role strain is when within a single role there is competing demands (when in the role of student, you may be stressed about many assignments/exams and student government position )

74
Q

cognitive neoassociation model

A

this is the model that one is more likely to display aggression toward others if they were in a bad mood or had unpleasant feelings (also the presence of weapons can cause this as well)

75
Q

sublimation

A

this is a defense mechanism that has to do with the psychoanalytic theory (freud)

channeling an unacceptable impulse into a socially acceptable direction

you are incredibly angry and mad but instead of blowing up and looking like a hothead you aggressively clean your apartment

76
Q

aligning actions

A

this is making excuses for troublesome behavior

77
Q

phonology

A

this is the actual sound of language/ words

this is considered fluid

78
Q

syntax

A

how words are put together in sentences

this is considered fluid

79
Q

pragmatics

A

context and sounds of a word used in speech

similar to sematics

both are looking at how a word technically can mean one thing but it can be used in a way to mean something else

this is considered fluid

80
Q

morphemes

A

building blocks of word; structure of a word

81
Q

null hypothesis

A

this is when there is no significant difference between two things

so if you were to find that a drug helps reduce symptoms, you would be able to reject the null hypothesis because there is significant difference

82
Q

type 1 error

A

this is when the null hypothesis is rejected (so the researcher says there is a difference) even though there is no difference

83
Q

type 2 error

A

this is when the null hypothesis is not-rejected (accepted) even though there is a difference between the control and the experimental so the null should be rejected

84
Q

incongruence

A

this was part of the humanistic theory proposed by carl rogers and this looks at the gap between ideal self and actual self

this talks about unpleasant feelings that arise from discrepancies between the ideal self and the actual self

85
Q

base rate fallacy

A

this is when someone makes an error because they ignore known information about something based on heuristic tendencies

basically the statistical information is ignored (often by accident) because they pay more attention to information that is present that does not have much to do with the situation

think about someone who shadows a doctor at a stroke clinic, then the individual is asked about how prevalent strokes are, they are probably more likely to assume more prevalent than not because that is what they work on all day long

86
Q

availability heuristic

A

this is a mental shortcut or a generalization that is made when evaluating something (you tend to estimate the likeness of something based on how quickly or easily examples of those events can be retrieved

When the mind makes a generalization such as the concept of tree, it extracts similarities from numerous examples; the simplification enables higher-level thinking.

87
Q

glass escalator concept

A

this is the idea that men who attempt to have careers in predominantly female industries are going to ascend the career ladder more quickly and get promotions more readily

88
Q

what does maladaptiveness refer to in terms of psychological disorders

A

this is the criterion that looks at whether or not a behavior negatively impacts a person’s life or poses threats to others.

89
Q

what does distress refer to in terms of psychological disorders

A

this criterion is looking at if a particular behavior causes prolonged or abnormal stress

90
Q

statistical deviance

A

this is looking at if the behavior or observed thing is statistically rare

91
Q

what are the three components of an attitude

A
  • cognitive (thoughts and beliefs about the subject)
  • affective (associated with emotional experience)
  • behavioral (associated with actions made in presence of the attitude, so how the attitude effects one’s behavior)
92
Q

overextension

A

this is a term that refers to applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance (for example, “doggie” for a cow).

93
Q

consensus cues

A

when a person compared the target person’s behavior to everybody else’s behavior

94
Q

consistency cues

A

this refers to the target person engaging in similar behavior over time. the scenario in the question stem only describes one situation

95
Q

distinctiveness cues

A

when the target person acts similarly across multiple situations thereby helping the perceiver form opinions about the target person’s behavior

96
Q

anima/animus

A

this is part of the jungian archetypes

this is the sex inappropriate qualities (feminine behaviors in males and masculine behaviors in females)

97
Q

persona

A

this is part of the jungian archetypes

part of our personality that we present to the world (like a mask that we wear)

98
Q

self (part of the jungian archetype)

A

this is part of the jungian archetypes

point of intersection between collective unconscious, personal unconscious and conscious mind)

99
Q

shadow

A

this is part of the jungian archetypes

responsible for the appearance of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness

100
Q

theory of mind

A

having this is the ability to understand the thinking patterns of others, this would mean that you can put yourself in the head of another

101
Q

self efficacy

A

the belief in ones ability to succeed

102
Q

gesellschaft vs gemeinschaft

A

a gemeinschaft is a community
- this is a group that is unified by togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography. (can be religious)

a gesellschaft is a society
-this is a group formed from mutual self interest that work toward shared goals (does not extend to religion)

103
Q

7+2 rule

A

this rule states that short term memory is limited in capacity to approximately 7+2 items

MCAT (10 decks)

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