social thinking/structure/stratification Flashcards
secure attachment
requires a consistent caregiver and the child is able to go out and explore and know that he or she has a secure base to return to
the child shows preference for the caregiver and is sad when they leave and happy when they return
avoidant attachment
occurs when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed, crying child; the child shows no preference for the caregiver compared to strangers
the child has no response to the parent leaving or staying because they are used to not being able to rely on them
ambivalent attachment
this occurs when the caregiver has inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately and some times neglectfully
the child will be sad when they leave but ambivalent when they come back
disorganized attachment
occurs when a caregiver is erratic or abusive, the child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver leaving or staying
this is a sign of abuse
social support
this is the perception that one is cared for by a social network
- emotion support
- material support
- informational support
- esteem support
- network support
altruism
helping someone at the cost of yourself
game theory
tries to explain decision making between people as if they are playing a game
implicit personality theory
this is the assumptions that people make about people, their traits and behaviors
can be based on:
- primacy effect
- recentcy effect
- halo effect
- self serving bias
- just world hypothesis
attribution theory
this is looking at what people assume or infer to be the reason behind someone else’s behavior
-dispositional or situation
fundamental attribution error
humans are more likely to blame a behavior on the dispositional aspect rather than the situational
correspondent inference theory
this is how people make attributions about someone based on observing their intentional actions (especially the ones that are unexpected)
prejudice
the irrational attitudes toward a person or group (can be positive or negative)
ethnocentrism
making judgements on another culture based on the values and beliefs of your own culture
discrimination
this is behaviors enacted toward a group based on ones prejudiced attitudes
functionalism
every component of society has a role and without every piece it will not work
manifest functions: intended
latent functions: unintended
conflict theory
focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order
symbolic interactionism
this looks at and studies how people interact based on the shared understanding of words gestures and symbols
focuses on the subjective interpretation of things and their effects
social constructionism
this explores the ways people make decisions to agree upon a given social reality
social constructs are things that are things that are considered normal but are not necessarily created based on instinct or physiology
gender roles are social constructs
rational choice theory (exchange theory)
people make decisions based on maximising potential benefit and minimizing potential harm
beneficence
acting in the patients best interest
nonmaleficence
refers to avoiding treatmetns that have higher risk than benefit
respect for autonomy
the patient has the right to deny treatment and make decisions about their health care
justice
this refers to treating patients with similar issues in the same manner and distributing healthcare resources fairly
value
what someone deems important
belief
what someone considers to be true
ethnicity
a social construct
sorts people based on race, religion, and other factors
symbolic ethnicity: when someone recognises their ethnicity on only certain occasions
race
a social construct
based on phenotypic differences between groups of people
these can be real or perceived
ascribed status
involuntary and derives from clearly identifiable characteristics such as age, gender and skin color
achieved status
is acquired through individual efforts
prestige
this is how others perceive you
the respect and importance tied to specific occupations or associations
power
the capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments
it often depends on unequal distribution of valued resources
anomie
going against the social norms and is often seen through excessive individualism, society inequality, and isolation
social capital
this is what people put into society in return for economic or collective rewards
social networks are a powerful form of social capital
master status
a person can have many statuses, think about mom, she is a mom, also a principle, also a daughter, but then her master status is the one that most people would perceive her as (probably a principle or mother)
the queen on england is a mom and a female but her master status would be queen
ingratiation
a person tries to make a positive impressions on others through flattery
the person may also show conformity and act a way that they expect the peers to approve and agree with
managing appearances
managing your physical appearance to make a good impression
alter casting
this is imposing an identity on someone
“you are such a great friend to me” even if they are only an acquaintance
self disclosure
this is revealing personal info about oneself to come off as open and friendly
plutocracy
small upper class where majority of the power is ruled by a small group of people
bystander effect
- more likely to assist in a small group
- less likely to help in a large group
deindividuation
- this is when people join into things that they do not usually do
peer pressure
- this depends on size of group and who is in the group
- is this your close friends? are these acquaintances
social facilitation
- how you perform based on the task difficulty and your self efficacy
- simple tasks with high self efficacy means performs better in front of crowd
what is the preconventional stages of moral reasoning
- kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
- stage 1 and stage 2 are all about me myself and I
stage 1: obedience
- this is to decisions made to avoid punishment
stage 2: self interest
- this is decisions made seeking reward
what is the conventional stages of moral reasoning
- kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
- stage 3 and stage 4 are all about how other people view you and what they expect of you
stage 3: conformity
- follow social rules of one’s role
stage 4: law and order
- follows laws and rules
what is the post conventional stages of moral reasoning
- kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
- stage 5 and stage 6 are all about how one SHOULD act or what SHOULD really be done
stage 5: social contract
- reasoning is focused on individual rights and situational ethics
stage 6: universal ethics
- universal ideals that others are obligated to follow
someone says “you should not steal the food because you could go to jail if you are caught”
this is stage one of kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
-the person is focusing on the punishment and that is what is leading to the decision
someone says “you should steal the food because you will no longer be starving”
this is stage two of kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
-the person does what is in their best interest rather than thinking of others, they are looking for a reward
someone says “you should steal the food because it will make your kids and wife happy to no longer be starving and they will be sad if you do not come home with food”
this is stage 3 of kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
- the person is focusing on what other people think and see’s making people happy as a good thing and making people sad as a bad thing
- the person is trying to live up to the expectations as their role of a provider
someone says “you should not steal the food because stealing is wrong and illegal”
this is stage 4 of kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
- the person is focusing on what is right and wrong based on social order and what the rules and laws are
- breaking the law would disrupt social order and that is not okay
someone says “stealing is wrong but making sure your family does not starve to death is more important so you should steal the food”
this is stage 5 of kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
- the person is showing that values and rules are relative and can be altered depending on the circumstances
- some things should be done regardless of the laws
some one says “stealing the food to stop your family from starving is a moral action and the fact that the food is too expensive and the laws allow the seller to be greedy should be disobeyed”
this is stage 6 of kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
-the person is showing choices and morals are a matter of conscious and are based on ethical ideals chosen by the individual and if there is a law that contradicts them or goes against them, the person will act consistently with their moral principles instead.
dramaturgical approach
This uses a theatrical analogy to to describe how individuals create images of themselves in various situations
Backstage self vs. Front stage self
Backstage self:
This is what the person actually feels; this is the persona adopted when not in a social situation and there is no concern to uphold a performance of a desired public image
Front stage self:
the persona they present to the world around them
cognitive dissonance
this is when someone has internal discomfort because their actions to not align with their beliefs
for example, someone eats a donut even though they are on a diet so then they spend an extra 30 minutes at the gym
Hawthorne effect
describes changes in research participants as a result of their awareness that they are being observed
Thomas theorem
states that if an individual believes something to be real, then it is real in its consequences.
socioeconomic status/ gradient of health
this is based on occupation, income or education
five factor model
based on five personality factors, often referred to by the acronym OCEAN
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism.
It enables the analysis of human personality based on observations carried out from clinical practice
psychodynamic perspective
emphasizes unconscious psychological processes (for example, wishes and fears of which we’re not fully aware), and contends that childhood experiences are crucial in shaping adult personality.
proposed by sigmund freud
Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
introspective self-report questionnaire indicating differing psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions.
The test attempts to assign four categories: introversion or extraversion, sensing or intuition, thinking or feeling, judging or perceiving.
biopsychosocial model
an interdisciplinary model that looks at the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socio-environmental factors.
The model specifically examines how these aspects play a role in topics ranging from health and disease models to human development
social reproduction
this is the process of transferring your social status onto your kid, if you are super poor and can barely provide, the kid will also likely end up living a life that is poor
obedience vs compliance
obedience is going along with something because an authority figure told you do to something
compliance is going along with someone/something that someone of equal social level tells you
compliance vs conformity
compliance is going along with something someone tells you do to (taking a shot because someone says here take this with me)
conformity is going along with unspoken social rules to fit in with a group (college students choosing to drink so that they do not get outcasted in the dorms)
socialization
this is the processes through which individuals acquire the values, behaviors, and motivations necessary to become competent members of a culture
this can be through family, friends, pop culture(tv, music), school, religion
there is primary, secondary, anticipatory and resocialization(remember this is a very specific one, like coming back to society after jail or military)
cultural transmission
this is the process through which cultural elements, in the form of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavioral scripts, are passed onto and taught to individuals and groups
kids often grow up with similar political beliefs as their parents, kids also may have certain music likes based on parents, kids like only white christmas lights or thinking its tacky to have tattoos
Intersectionality
an analytical framework for understanding how aspects of a person’s social and political identities combine to create different modes of discrimination and privilege.
Examples of these aspects include gender, caste, sex, race, class, sexuality, religion, disability, physical appearance, and height.
Exchange rational choice theory
Rational choice theory: people are motivated to do things based on what is best for them.
Exchange theory: this is an application of the rational choice theory onto societal interactions between individuals.
Rational choice theory and Exchange theory are both theories interlinked and based on economics. Sociologists used economics to underpin both theories, people are motivated by what is best for them, and their actions are shaped by their desire to have more of something good.
symbolic interactionism
a microsociological theory that focuses on individual interactions. Specifically, it theorizes that society is built on individual interactions, which create shared symbols and meanings.
Symbolic interactionism focuses on individual interactions, . Say a patient comes to the doctor after hurting his knee. the patient sees the knee as hurt
On the other hand, the doctor looks at the same hurt knee, and assigns a different meaning: the X-ray shows that the knee is broken. The doctor then uses symbols (language) to share his interpretation of the x-ray with the patient
looking glass self
society is able to change our views of ourselves and effect our self identity
when an individual bases their sense of self on how others view them
role conflict vs. role strain
role conflict is when two of your roles are conflicting, your child is sick so you want to take care of them but you need to leave for your shift at work
role strain is when within a single role there is competing demands (when in the role of student, you may be stressed about many assignments/exams and student government position )
cognitive neoassociation model
this is the model that one is more likely to display aggression toward others if they were in a bad mood or had unpleasant feelings (also the presence of weapons can cause this as well)
sublimation
this is a defense mechanism that has to do with the psychoanalytic theory (freud)
channeling an unacceptable impulse into a socially acceptable direction
you are incredibly angry and mad but instead of blowing up and looking like a hothead you aggressively clean your apartment
aligning actions
this is making excuses for troublesome behavior
phonology
this is the actual sound of language/ words
this is considered fluid
syntax
how words are put together in sentences
this is considered fluid
pragmatics
context and sounds of a word used in speech
similar to sematics
both are looking at how a word technically can mean one thing but it can be used in a way to mean something else
this is considered fluid
morphemes
building blocks of word; structure of a word
null hypothesis
this is when there is no significant difference between two things
so if you were to find that a drug helps reduce symptoms, you would be able to reject the null hypothesis because there is significant difference
type 1 error
this is when the null hypothesis is rejected (so the researcher says there is a difference) even though there is no difference
type 2 error
this is when the null hypothesis is not-rejected (accepted) even though there is a difference between the control and the experimental so the null should be rejected
incongruence
this was part of the humanistic theory proposed by carl rogers and this looks at the gap between ideal self and actual self
this talks about unpleasant feelings that arise from discrepancies between the ideal self and the actual self
base rate fallacy
this is when someone makes an error because they ignore known information about something based on heuristic tendencies
basically the statistical information is ignored (often by accident) because they pay more attention to information that is present that does not have much to do with the situation
think about someone who shadows a doctor at a stroke clinic, then the individual is asked about how prevalent strokes are, they are probably more likely to assume more prevalent than not because that is what they work on all day long
availability heuristic
this is a mental shortcut or a generalization that is made when evaluating something (you tend to estimate the likeness of something based on how quickly or easily examples of those events can be retrieved
When the mind makes a generalization such as the concept of tree, it extracts similarities from numerous examples; the simplification enables higher-level thinking.
glass escalator concept
this is the idea that men who attempt to have careers in predominantly female industries are going to ascend the career ladder more quickly and get promotions more readily
what does maladaptiveness refer to in terms of psychological disorders
this is the criterion that looks at whether or not a behavior negatively impacts a person’s life or poses threats to others.
what does distress refer to in terms of psychological disorders
this criterion is looking at if a particular behavior causes prolonged or abnormal stress
statistical deviance
this is looking at if the behavior or observed thing is statistically rare
what are the three components of an attitude
- cognitive (thoughts and beliefs about the subject)
- affective (associated with emotional experience)
- behavioral (associated with actions made in presence of the attitude, so how the attitude effects one’s behavior)
overextension
this is a term that refers to applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance (for example, “doggie” for a cow).
consensus cues
when a person compared the target person’s behavior to everybody else’s behavior
consistency cues
this refers to the target person engaging in similar behavior over time. the scenario in the question stem only describes one situation
distinctiveness cues
when the target person acts similarly across multiple situations thereby helping the perceiver form opinions about the target person’s behavior
anima/animus
this is part of the jungian archetypes
this is the sex inappropriate qualities (feminine behaviors in males and masculine behaviors in females)
persona
this is part of the jungian archetypes
part of our personality that we present to the world (like a mask that we wear)
self (part of the jungian archetype)
this is part of the jungian archetypes
point of intersection between collective unconscious, personal unconscious and conscious mind)
shadow
this is part of the jungian archetypes
responsible for the appearance of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness
theory of mind
having this is the ability to understand the thinking patterns of others, this would mean that you can put yourself in the head of another
self efficacy
the belief in ones ability to succeed
gesellschaft vs gemeinschaft
a gemeinschaft is a community
- this is a group that is unified by togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography. (can be religious)
a gesellschaft is a society
-this is a group formed from mutual self interest that work toward shared goals (does not extend to religion)
7+2 rule
this rule states that short term memory is limited in capacity to approximately 7+2 items
