Psychological Disorders Flashcards
Symptoms of Depression
SIG E CAPS
saddness + sleep interest guilt energy concentration appetite psychomotor symptoms suicidal ideations
Major depressive disorder
- you need to have at least one major depressive episode
- also the symptoms need to be severe enough to impair one’s daily social or work related activities
major depressive episode
- this needs to last two weeks
- you need to have 5 out of the nine symptoms
- one of which needs to be sadness or anhedonia
anhedonia
inability to feel and anticipate pleasure
dysthymia
- also called persistent depressive disorder
- this is two years or more of depressive feelings on majority of the days
- one can have both persistent depressive disorder and major depressive disorder
depression biological basis
- decreased production of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine
- high cortisol
- high glucose metabolism of the amygdala
- hippocampal atrophy
symptoms of Bipolar
DIG FAST
- distractibility
- irresponsibility
- grandiosity (unrealistic self esteem)
- flight of thoughts
- activity or agitation (increase in activity or goal oriented work)
- sleep (less need for it)
- talkative
manic episode
- you need to have 4 out of the 7 symptoms
- this needs to last a week
- impairs a person’s work or social activities
hypomanic episode
this is when symptoms are present but they are less severe and they are present for at least 4 days
- these do not impair a person’s work or social activities
- this can progress to a manic episode
bipolar 1 disorder
- contains at least one manic episode
- depressive symptoms may be present but a major depressive episode is not required.
bipolar 2 disorder
- contains at least one major depressive episode followed by a hypomanic episode
(if it was a major depressive episode followed by a manic episode it would be considered bipolar 1)
cyclothymic
this is the presence of manic symptoms and depressive symptoms for two years
- these are not severe enough to be considered episodes
agoraphobia
fear of being in places where it may be hard to escape
obsessive compulsive disorder
this is characterized by obsessions creating tensions or stress in ones life where they then have a compulsion to relieve that tension or stress
- they often know the compulsion is irrational but they need to do it to stop the anxiety
- obsession = increased stress
- compulsion= action done in response to obsession to decrease stress
cluster A personality disorders
- these are often seen as odd or eccentric to others
paranoid personality disorder
schizotypal personality disorder
schizoid personality disorder
schizophrenia
- this is characterized by a break between an individual and reality
- they need to have 6 months of continuous disturbance and at least one month needs to be of positive symptoms
three phases of schizophrenia
prodromal (withdrawl, inappropriate affect, unusal experiences)
active ( psychotic symptoms present)
residual/ recovery (characterized by depression as they learn about what they did before)
cluster b personality disorders
dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior
- antisocial personality disorder
- histrionic personality disorder (seeking attention)
- borderline personality disorder (unstable personal relationships
- narcissistic personality disorder
cluster C personality disorders
anxious or fearful of others
- avoidant personality disorder
- dependent personality disorder (need for reassurance)
- obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (perfectionist, likes rules/ order)
causes of schizophrenia
- still many unknowns
- trauma at birth (hypoxemia)
- marijuana in adolecense
- genetic inheritance
- this is assoicated with excess dopamine in the brain
treatment: this will be treated with neuroleptics (which are also called anti psychotics)
- these block dopamine receptors
bipolar biological basis
- increased norepinephrine and serotonin
- higher risk if a parent has bipolar
- higher risk for people with multiple sclerosis
alzheimer’s disease
symptoms:
- changes in mood, behavior and personality
- loss of initiative
- difficulty with procedural memory
biological basis for alzheimer’s:
- mutations at presenilin gene on chromosome 1 and 14
- mutations at beta-amyloid precursor gene on chromosome 21
common markers:
- atrophy of the brain on CT or MRI
- flattened sulci
- senile plaques of Beta-amyloid (misfolded protein)
- reduced metabolism in the temporal and parietal lobes
parkinson’s disease
characterized by:
- bradykinesia
- resting tremor
- pill rolling tremor
- masklike facies
- shuffling gait
biological basis for parkinson’s disease
- decreased dopamine in substantia nigra
- this is in the basal ganglia which is important for movements
- treated with L-DOPA which is a dopamine precursor so it helps to increase dopamine levels in the brain
