Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Symptoms of Depression

Answer 1

SIG E CAPS

saddness +
sleep
interest
guilt 
energy 
concentration
appetite
psychomotor symptoms 
suicidal ideations

Question 2

Major depressive disorder

Answer 2

• you need to have at least one major depressive episode

- also the symptoms need to be severe enough to impair one’s daily social or work related activities

Question 3

major depressive episode

Answer 3

• this needs to last two weeks
• you need to have 5 out of the nine symptoms
• one of which needs to be sadness or anhedonia

Question 4

anhedonia

Answer 4

inability to feel and anticipate pleasure

Question 5

dysthymia

Answer 5

• also called persistent depressive disorder
• this is two years or more of depressive feelings on majority of the days
• one can have both persistent depressive disorder and major depressive disorder

Question 6

depression biological basis

Answer 6

• decreased production of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine
• high cortisol
• high glucose metabolism of the amygdala
• hippocampal atrophy

Question 7

symptoms of Bipolar

Answer 7

DIG FAST

• distractibility
• irresponsibility
• grandiosity (unrealistic self esteem)
• flight of thoughts
• activity or agitation (increase in activity or goal oriented work)
• sleep (less need for it)
• talkative

Question 8

manic episode

Answer 8

• you need to have 4 out of the 7 symptoms
• this needs to last a week
• impairs a person’s work or social activities

Question 9

hypomanic episode

Answer 9

this is when symptoms are present but they are less severe and they are present for at least 4 days
- these do not impair a person’s work or social activities

• this can progress to a manic episode

Question 10

bipolar 1 disorder

Answer 10

• contains at least one manic episode

- depressive symptoms may be present but a major depressive episode is not required.

Question 11

bipolar 2 disorder

Answer 11

• contains at least one major depressive episode followed by a hypomanic episode

(if it was a major depressive episode followed by a manic episode it would be considered bipolar 1)

Question 12

cyclothymic

Answer 12

this is the presence of manic symptoms and depressive symptoms for two years
- these are not severe enough to be considered episodes

Question 13

agoraphobia

Answer 13

fear of being in places where it may be hard to escape

Question 14

obsessive compulsive disorder

Answer 14

this is characterized by obsessions creating tensions or stress in ones life where they then have a compulsion to relieve that tension or stress

• they often know the compulsion is irrational but they need to do it to stop the anxiety
• obsession = increased stress
• compulsion= action done in response to obsession to decrease stress

Question 15

cluster A personality disorders

Answer 15

• these are often seen as odd or eccentric to others

paranoid personality disorder
schizotypal personality disorder
schizoid personality disorder

Question 16

schizophrenia

Answer 16

• this is characterized by a break between an individual and reality
• they need to have 6 months of continuous disturbance and at least one month needs to be of positive symptoms

Question 17

three phases of schizophrenia

Answer 17

prodromal (withdrawl, inappropriate affect, unusal experiences)

active ( psychotic symptoms present)

residual/ recovery (characterized by depression as they learn about what they did before)

Question 18

cluster b personality disorders

Answer 18

dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior

• antisocial personality disorder
• histrionic personality disorder (seeking attention)
• borderline personality disorder (unstable personal relationships
• narcissistic personality disorder

Question 19

cluster C personality disorders

Answer 19

anxious or fearful of others

• avoidant personality disorder
• dependent personality disorder (need for reassurance)
• obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (perfectionist, likes rules/ order)

Question 20

causes of schizophrenia

Answer 20

• still many unknowns
• trauma at birth (hypoxemia)
• marijuana in adolecense
• genetic inheritance
• this is assoicated with excess dopamine in the brain

treatment: this will be treated with neuroleptics (which are also called anti psychotics)
- these block dopamine receptors

Question 21

bipolar biological basis

Answer 21

• increased norepinephrine and serotonin
• higher risk if a parent has bipolar
• higher risk for people with multiple sclerosis

Question 22

alzheimer’s disease

Answer 22

symptoms:
- changes in mood, behavior and personality
- loss of initiative
- difficulty with procedural memory

Question 23

biological basis for alzheimer’s:

Answer 23

• mutations at presenilin gene on chromosome 1 and 14
• mutations at beta-amyloid precursor gene on chromosome 21

common markers:

• atrophy of the brain on CT or MRI
• flattened sulci
• senile plaques of Beta-amyloid (misfolded protein)
• reduced metabolism in the temporal and parietal lobes

Question 24

parkinson’s disease

Answer 24

characterized by:

• bradykinesia
• resting tremor
• pill rolling tremor
• masklike facies
• shuffling gait

Question 25

biological basis for parkinson’s disease

Answer 25

• decreased dopamine in substantia nigra
• this is in the basal ganglia which is important for movements
• treated with L-DOPA which is a dopamine precursor so it helps to increase dopamine levels in the brain