Psych Neurotransmitters/hormones/drugs

Question 1

acetylcholine

Answer 1

• voluntary muscle control (can be excitatory or inhibitory)
• parasympathetic nervous system causes this to be released for the rest and digest
• attention
• alertness

Question 2

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 2

• fight or flight responses
• wakefulness
• alertness
• released from the adrenal medulla
• amino acid derivative
• can increase blood glucose concentrations

Question 3

Dopamine

Answer 3

maintains:

• smooth movements
• postural stability
• believed to be the cause of hallucinations in schizophrenia
• allow plays a role in the pleasure/reward pathway and has a euphoric effect

Question 4

serotonin

Answer 4

• mood
• sleep
• eating
• dreaming

Question 5

GABA/ glycine

Answer 5

• these act to inhibit postsynaptic potentials by hyperpolarizing the postsynaptic membrane
• brain “stabilization

Question 6

glutamate

Answer 6

• this is an excitatory neurotransmitter and is known for brain excitation

Question 7

endorphins

Answer 7

act as natural pain killers and can create a sense of euphoria

peptide hormone
released from the anterior pituitary

Question 8

agonist

Answer 8

this is a type of drug that mimics the actions of a neurotransmitter

Question 9

antagonist

Answer 9

this is a drug that blocks the action of

neurotransmitters

Question 10

cortisol

Answer 10

stress hormone released by adrenal cortex
- increase blood glucose concentrations; decrease protein synthesis; anti inflammatory

this is a glucocorticoid

Question 11

testosterone

Answer 11

• mediates libido
• increases aggressive behavior
• released from adrenal cortex
• produced in the testes

steroid hormone

Question 12

estrogen

Answer 12

• mediates libido
• released from adrenal cortex
• produced in the ovaries

steroid hormone

Question 13

depressants

Answer 13

• sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety

ex. alcohols, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

Question 14

stimulants

Answer 14

• increased arousal

ex. amphetamines, cocaine, ecstacy

Question 15

opiates/opiods

Answer 15

• decreased reaction to pain; euphoria

ex. heroin, morphine, opium, pain pills

Question 16

hallucinogens

Answer 16

• distortions of reality and fantasy; introspection

ex. LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, psilocybin containing mushrooms

Question 17

marijuana

Answer 17

• this has some features of depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens (in very high doses)

Question 18

follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 18

• peptide hormone
• released from the anterior pituitary

this stimulates the follicle in females and promotes spermatogenesis in males

Question 19

luteinizing hormone

Answer 19

• peptide hormone
• released from the anterior pituitary

stimulates ovulation and the production of the corpus luteum in females
stimulates testosterone synthesis in males

Question 20

ACTH

Answer 20

• peptide hormone
• released from the anterior pituitary

stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids

Question 21

thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 21

• peptide hormone
• released from the anterior pituitary

stimulates the thyroid to produce the thyroid hormones

Question 22

prolactin

Answer 22

• peptide hormone
• released from the anterior pituitary

stimulates milk production and secretion

Question 23

growth hormone

Answer 23

stimulates bone and muscle growth; raises blood glucose levels

Question 24

antidiuretic hormone / vasopressin

Answer 24

• peptide hormone
• released by the posterior pituitary gland
• made in the hypothalamus

stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys by increasing the permeability of the collecting duct
- this only reabsorbs water so blood pressure will increase and the blood osmolarity will decrease

Question 25

oxytocin

Answer 25

- peptide hormone - released by the posterior pituitary gland - made in the hypothalamus stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk secretion during lactation and may promote bonding behavior

Question 26

thyroid hormone

Answer 26

- amino acid derived - released from the follicular cells of the thyroid T3 and T4 stimulate metabolic activity

Question 27

calcitonin

Answer 27

- peptide hormone - released from the c cells of the thyroid decreases blood calcium levels

Question 28

parathyroid hormone

Answer 28

- peptide hormone - released from the parathyroid glands -increases blood calcium concentrations

Question 29

glucocorticoids

Answer 29

- released from the adrenal cortex - these are steroid hormones ex. cortisol and cortisone - increase blood glucose concentrations - decrease protein synthesis - anti inflammatory

Question 30

mineralocorticoids

Answer 30

- released from the adrenal cortex - these are steroid hormones ex. aldosterone - increases water reabsorption in the kidneys by increasing sodium reabsorption; promotes potassium and hydrogen ion excretion - this causes both salt and water to be reabsorbed so the blood volume increases, increasing the blood pressure but the blood osmolarity remains constant

Question 31

glucagon

Answer 31

- a peptide hormone - released from the alpha cells of the pancreas - stimulates glycogen breakdown - increases blood glucose levels

Question 32

insulin

Answer 32

- a peptide hormone - released from the beta cells of the pancreas lowers blood glucose levels and promotes anabolic processes

Question 33

somatostatin

Answer 33

- a peptide hormone - released from the delta cells (d cells because down regulates) suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin

Question 34

progesterone

Answer 34

- a steroid hormone - produced by ovary and corpus luteum - promotes maintenance of the endometrium and gestation

Question 35

melatonin

Answer 35

- amino acid derived hormone - produced by the pineal gland involved in circadian rhythms

Question 36

erythropoietin

Answer 36

- released from the kidney - peptide hormone stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes (RBCs)

Question 37

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Answer 37

- peptide hormone - released from the heart - promotes salt and water excretion this means that both salt and water will be leaving the blood, so osmolarity is not affected but overall blood volume is decreasing

Question 38

thymosin

Answer 38

- released from the thymus - peptide hormone - stimulates T cell development (type of WBC)