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MCAT > Psych Neurotransmitters/hormones/drugs > Flashcards

Psych Neurotransmitters/hormones/drugs Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

acetylcholine

A
  • voluntary muscle control (can be excitatory or inhibitory)
  • parasympathetic nervous system causes this to be released for the rest and digest
  • attention
  • alertness
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2
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A
  • fight or flight responses
  • wakefulness
  • alertness
  • released from the adrenal medulla
  • amino acid derivative
  • can increase blood glucose concentrations
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3
Q

Dopamine

A

maintains:

  • smooth movements
  • postural stability
  • believed to be the cause of hallucinations in schizophrenia
  • allow plays a role in the pleasure/reward pathway and has a euphoric effect
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4
Q

serotonin

A
  • mood
  • sleep
  • eating
  • dreaming
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5
Q

GABA/ glycine

A
  • these act to inhibit postsynaptic potentials by hyperpolarizing the postsynaptic membrane
  • brain “stabilization
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6
Q

glutamate

A
  • this is an excitatory neurotransmitter and is known for brain excitation
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7
Q

endorphins

A

act as natural pain killers and can create a sense of euphoria

peptide hormone
released from the anterior pituitary

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8
Q

agonist

A

this is a type of drug that mimics the actions of a neurotransmitter

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9
Q

antagonist

A

this is a drug that blocks the action of

neurotransmitters

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10
Q

cortisol

A

stress hormone released by adrenal cortex
- increase blood glucose concentrations; decrease protein synthesis; anti inflammatory

this is a glucocorticoid

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11
Q

testosterone

A
  • mediates libido
  • increases aggressive behavior
  • released from adrenal cortex
  • produced in the testes

steroid hormone

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12
Q

estrogen

A
  • mediates libido
  • released from adrenal cortex
  • produced in the ovaries

steroid hormone

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13
Q

depressants

A
  • sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety

ex. alcohols, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

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14
Q

stimulants

A
  • increased arousal

ex. amphetamines, cocaine, ecstacy

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15
Q

opiates/opiods

A
  • decreased reaction to pain; euphoria

ex. heroin, morphine, opium, pain pills

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16
Q

hallucinogens

A
  • distortions of reality and fantasy; introspection

ex. LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, psilocybin containing mushrooms

17
Q

marijuana

A
  • this has some features of depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens (in very high doses)
18
Q

follicle stimulating hormone

A
  • peptide hormone
  • released from the anterior pituitary

this stimulates the follicle in females and promotes spermatogenesis in males

19
Q

luteinizing hormone

A
  • peptide hormone
  • released from the anterior pituitary

stimulates ovulation and the production of the corpus luteum in females
stimulates testosterone synthesis in males

20
Q

ACTH

A
  • peptide hormone
  • released from the anterior pituitary

stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids

21
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A
  • peptide hormone
  • released from the anterior pituitary

stimulates the thyroid to produce the thyroid hormones

22
Q

prolactin

A
  • peptide hormone
  • released from the anterior pituitary

stimulates milk production and secretion

23
Q

growth hormone

A

stimulates bone and muscle growth; raises blood glucose levels

24
Q

antidiuretic hormone / vasopressin

A
  • peptide hormone
  • released by the posterior pituitary gland
  • made in the hypothalamus

stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys by increasing the permeability of the collecting duct
- this only reabsorbs water so blood pressure will increase and the blood osmolarity will decrease

25
Q

oxytocin

A
  • peptide hormone
  • released by the posterior pituitary gland
  • made in the hypothalamus

stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk secretion during lactation and may promote bonding behavior

26
Q

thyroid hormone

A
  • amino acid derived
  • released from the follicular cells of the thyroid

T3 and T4
stimulate metabolic activity

27
Q

calcitonin

A
  • peptide hormone
  • released from the c cells of the thyroid

decreases blood calcium levels

28
Q

parathyroid hormone

A
  • peptide hormone
  • released from the parathyroid glands

-increases blood calcium concentrations

29
Q

glucocorticoids

A
  • released from the adrenal cortex
  • these are steroid hormones
    ex. cortisol and cortisone
  • increase blood glucose concentrations
  • decrease protein synthesis
  • anti inflammatory
30
Q

mineralocorticoids

A
  • released from the adrenal cortex
  • these are steroid hormones
    ex. aldosterone
  • increases water reabsorption in the kidneys by increasing sodium reabsorption; promotes potassium and hydrogen ion excretion
  • this causes both salt and water to be reabsorbed so the blood volume increases, increasing the blood pressure but the blood osmolarity remains constant
31
Q

glucagon

A
  • a peptide hormone
  • released from the alpha cells of the pancreas
  • stimulates glycogen breakdown
  • increases blood glucose levels
32
Q

insulin

A
  • a peptide hormone
  • released from the beta cells of the pancreas

lowers blood glucose levels and promotes anabolic processes

33
Q

somatostatin

A
  • a peptide hormone
  • released from the delta cells (d cells because down regulates)

suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin

34
Q

progesterone

A
  • a steroid hormone
  • produced by ovary and corpus luteum
  • promotes maintenance of the endometrium and gestation
35
Q

melatonin

A
  • amino acid derived hormone
  • produced by the pineal gland

involved in circadian rhythms

36
Q

erythropoietin

A
  • released from the kidney
  • peptide hormone

stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes (RBCs)

37
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A
  • peptide hormone
  • released from the heart
  • promotes salt and water excretion
    this means that both salt and water will be leaving the blood, so osmolarity is not affected but overall blood volume is decreasing
38
Q

thymosin

A
  • released from the thymus
  • peptide hormone
  • stimulates T cell development (type of WBC)

MCAT (10 decks)

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